¸ÑŪ¯uµßªº§ÎºAµo¨|
»¯²Ð´f ©M ¤j½Ã¼¯¨È
Department of Biology, The Chinese
University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, China
¤¤°ê»´ä·s¬É¨F¥Ð »´ä¤¤¤å¤j¾Ç¥Íª«¨t
&
School of Biological Sciences, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U. K.
^°ê°Ò¹ý´µ¯S¥« °Ò¹ý´µ¯S¤j¾Ç¥Íª«¬ì¾Ç¾Ç°|
²Ä¥|½Ò¡G¦³§Q¯uµß§ÎºAµo¨|ªº¥Í²z¦]¤l
¯uµß¦b¥Íªø´Á¶¡·|Àx¦s¤j¶q±q©³ª«§l¦¬Àç¾i¡A¤£¦P¯uµß«hÀx¦s¤£¦Pªº¤j¤À¤l (¦hºÒ¿}¡B³J¥Õ½è¡B¯×ªÕ©M»EÁC»Ä)¡A¤]¥i¯à¥Î¤£¦P§Î¦¡¡G¦hºÒ¿}¥i¥H¬O²ÓM¾À¤Wªº»E¿}©ÎªÌ²ÓM½è¤Wªº¨x¿}²É (glycogen grains)¡Cµß®Ö (sclerotium) ÁöµM¦X¦¨©MÀx¦s¨x¿}¡A¦ý³o¤£¬O²×·¥Àx¦sª«¡A¤j³¡¥÷ºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«nªø´ÁÀx¦s´N©ñ¦b¦¸¥Í²ÓM¾À¤º¡Aµß®ÖÅ賡ªº¤@¨Ç²ÓM¥þ¬O²ÓM¾À¡A²ÓM½è¦ì¸m¤p¡C·í¨x¿}¦b²ÓM®ø¥¢®É¡Aµß®Ö²ÓM¤º¾À«K¥X²{¤j¶qÃP´²ÅÖºû±ø¡C©T¦¹¡A§Î¦¡¨Ã¤£«n¡A«ÂI¬O¡G©Ò§l¦¬ªºÀç¾i¨¬¥Hºû«ù¥Íp¡A¦h¾lªº«K§y¿n°_¨Ó¡A»P¤¤°ê¤Hªº¡u¿n½\¨¾ÄÈ¡v·§©À¤@¼Ë¡C
Àç¾i¥Íªø»PÁc´Þ¨S¦³½Ä¬ð¡A«áªÌ¥Nªí²ÓM¤À¤Æ¡A¦Ó«eªÌªº«ùÄò¥Íªø´£¨Ñ¦¨ªø¤¤ªº¤l¹êÅé¾÷±ñ¤ä«ù©MÀç¾i¡CÀç¾iµßµ·¥H¤ÀªK (branching) ©M³»ºÝ¥Íªø (apical growth) (¨£Chapter 2 mode
of filamentous growth) ÂX¤j¸s¸¨ÓÅéÅé¿n¡A®ð¥Íµßµ·¹ï»¤¾É (¥i¯à¬O¤º·½ªº¥Í²z©P´Á©Î¥~·½«H®§¦p¥ú©M·Å«×ªºªi°Ê) ªº¤ÏÀ³¬O¡G°±¤î¥Íªø¡Aªí±§Ê¦ùªº¯e¤î«P¶i®ð¥Íµßµ·¤À¤Æ¡CY»¤¾É¬O«ü¥ú·Ó¡A®ð¥Íµßµ·¯e¤î¦ý²`¼hµßµ·Ä~Äò¥Íªø¡A¶W¶Vªí±µßµ·¥Íªø½u¡A¥t¥~¡A±q²`¼hµßµ·¦V¤W¤ÀªKªº¥Íªø§Î¦¨·sªºªí±§Ê¦ù¡A³o¼Ë¤U´N²£¥Í¸`«ß©Ê¥Íªø (rhythmic growth) ¡A¦p¡G¦P¤ßÀôª¬ªºµßµ·Åé (²ÊÁWÌUµß¥X²{©úÅ㪺¤é¸`«µ¥Íªøcircadian growth in
Neurospora crassa) ©Î¦â¯À¥Í²£§Î¦¡ (pigmentation
in Ganoderma lucidumÆFªÛ)¡C
©³ª«¤¤ªººÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«
Hawker (1939) µo²{³æ¿}¾A¦XµL©Ê¥Í´Þ¦ÓÂù¿}©M¦h¿}¸û¾A¦X¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ (nutrient¡Aµå¸²¿}´Nºâ¬O§C¿@«×¤]·|§í¨îµ²¹ê (Weste, 1970; Moore-Landecker,
1975, 1987) ¦Ó»ñ§ÀÛ£(Pleurotus pulmonarius) ¦b³ÁªÞ¿}°ö¾i°ò¤Uªºµ²¹ê®É¶¡»·¤ñ¦bµå¸²¿}°ö¾i°òªºµu (Chiu & To, 1993)¡AHawker (1939) µý©ú¤g¾`¦b5%µå¸²¿}¤U¤£¶i¦æ¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¡A¦ýYµå¸²¿}¬O¤À¦h¦¸»¼¥[¦Ü5%®É¡A©Ê¾¹©x«K¯à¥X²{¡CHawker (1939) ªº¬ã¨s¤â¬qÅý§Ú̬ݨì¡G©³ª«ªº¨ÑÀ³³t«×©M¤è«Kµ{«×¦¨¤FÁc´Þªº¨M©w¦]¯À¡AHawker & Chaudhuri (1946) §óµý©úYºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¥H¤¤±e³t«×¤ô¸Ñ¡A¾A¤¤¦Óéwªº¤»ºÒ¿}¨ÑÀ³¨ë¿E§Î¦¨³Ì¤j¶qªº¤l¹êÅéì°ò¡C«á¨Óªº¬ã¨s§óµo²{¡G¾A¦Xªº¥~Àç¾i¥u¬O¤Þµo¤º¦b¥NÁªº½Õ±±¡A³o«K¬OÀç¾i¥Íªø»PÁc´ÞªºÃö«Y¡C
©³ª«¤¤ªº´á·½
¯uµß°¸Ñ´Óª«»G´Ó½è©Ò§l¦¬ªº¥Dn´á·½¬°³J¥Õ½è¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¡G´Óª«³J¥Õ¡B¤ì½è¯À³J¥Õ©M·L¥Íª«ªº³J¥Õ¡C¯uµßªºÅé¥~³J¥Õ¥Dn¨ü¨î©ó»¤¾É§@¥Î (induction)¡CÅé¥~³J¥Õ¤ô¸Ñ¦h©³ª«ªº¡A¥¦±N³J¥Õ½è©M(ÁY®ò»Ä)ªºÁä¤ô¸Ñ¡A¤Á¦¨²Ó¤pªº¤ùÂ_ª½¦Ü®ò°ò»Ä¤ùÂ_¬°¤î¡C³J¥Õ½è¥i§@¬°ºÒ¡B´á©M²¸·½¡AÁaµMÀô¹Ò¥i¯à¦³¨¬°÷®ò¡B¸²µå¿}©M²¸»Äªº¨ÑÀ³¡A¥un³J¥Õ½è¬O¥i¥Îªº¡A¯uµß´N¥Í²£³J¥Õ¡A¦]¦¹¡A³J¥Õ½è¤~¬Oº¿ïªº©³ª«¡C·í³J¥Õ½è§@¬°°ß¤@ºÒ·½®É¡A°ö¾i²~ªºÓi°òÆQ¿@«×´N·|¼@¼W¡A®òÆQ°ò¬O¥Ñ·L¥Íª«¨Ï¥Î³J¥Õ½è·íºÒ·½¦Ó±Æªnªº²£«~¡CMoore-Landecker (1993) ºîzµo²{¡GºÒ¤ñ´á (C/N) ªº°ª¤ñ¨Ò·|¨ë¿E©ÊÁc´Þ¡A ¦Ó³o¾A¦XªºC/N¥i¥Ñ30¡G1 ¦Ü 5¡G1 ¤§¤ñ¡C°ª¿@«×®ò°ò»Ä¤Ï¤£§Q¤l¹êÅ骺¦¨¼ô¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó°ª¿@«×¤U²£¥Í¤j¶qªº´á±Æªnª«-®òÂ÷¤l¡C
¦b¯Æ¯Æ´á·½¤¤¡A®òÂ÷¤l (ammonium) ³q±`§í¨î¤l¹êÅ馨ªø¡A¤£¹L¡AÁT¤W¥Íªøªº¯uµß (dung fungi) ¨ü°ª¿@«×ªº®òÂ÷¤l/®ò®ð (ammonium/ ammonia) »¤¾É¤Uµ²¹ê¡CµL½×¦p¦ó¡A®òÂ÷¤lªº¬r®`¥]¬A¡G¼vÅT°ö¾i°òªºpHÈ¡A©M§í¨î¥NÁªº§@¥Î¡CRoss & Bremner (1971) µo²{¦P®É²K¥[ºÒ»Ä¶t¥h±±¨îpHÈ¡AÄ«ªG¶Â¬Pµß (Venturia inaequalis) ´Nºâ¦b®òÂ÷¤lªº°ö¾i°ò¤W¡A·|¥Í²£¤l¹êÅé¡C¥t¥~¡A¦³¨Ç¯uµß [¦p¡G¸º¦ä¯ó (Cordyceps militaris)] ¨ü³J¥Õ½è¨ë¿E¦Óµ²¹ê¡A¾÷²z¬O¡G½wºCªºÅé¥~³J¥Õ½è¤À¸Ñ´£¨Ñ¤F¤@ð·¦Ó¿@«×§Cªº®ò°ò»Ä (Basith & Madelin, 1968)¡C
Chiu & Moore (1988b) µý©úÓiÂ÷¤l (ammonium ion) ©M¨¦®ò»Ä (glutamine) ªý¤î¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus)
¾á¤lªº¤À¤Æ¡A ¾á¤l°±¤î²£ÌU¤l¦ÓÀç¾iµßµ·¦b¾á¤l¥ÍªøÂIªø¥X¨Ó¡C¦b´ú¸ÕpH©M®ò (²¸»Ä©M´âÂ÷¤l)¿@«×¼vÅT®É¡A µo²{¡G pH Ȭ°6-8®É¡A Åé¥~®â°öªºµßÁ·Ä~Äòµo¨|¡A °ªpHÈ©M®òÂ÷¤l¿@«×¹F50mM«K§í¨îµßÁ·µo¨|¡A ²¸»Ä¹[©M´â¤Æ¹[«o¨S¦³³o®ÄªG¡A ¦P¼Ë¦a¡A §Q¥Î·L°w±N20 £gl ªº 1M¿@«×®òÂ÷¤lª`®g¨ì¦~¥®ªº°³Êµß»\¤º¡A ·|§½³¡ªý¤îµo¨|¡A§Î¦¨¶Â»\¤Wªº¥Õ°Ï (°³Ê¥Í²£¶Â¾áÌU¤l¡A ¦]¦Ó¦¨¼ô´ÁªºµßÁ·¬O¶Â¦âªº) ¡C
²ÓM»E¦Xª«ªº©PÂà
±q¨â®è¾á¤lµß¦Ò¬dÀç¾i»P¦h²ÓMµ²ºc§ÎºAµo¨|ªºÃö«Y¡Aµo²{¡G¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ²£¥Í¾á¤lªG®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º¥X²{ÅܤơF²Ä¤@Ó¾á¤lªG¦b¬ù 100¤p®É«á¥X²{¡A´î¼Æ¤Àµõ«h©ó200¤p®Éµo¥Í¡A©M¦b¬ù 250¤p®É«áÄÀ©ñ¤j¶q¾áÌU¤l¡C·í¾á¤lªG¥X²{®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤ºªº¿}©M£\-®ò°òªº´á³£³Q¯ÓºÉ¡A¦ýÁ`´á¶q«o¦]¬°¦³¤j¶qªº®òÆQ°ò(¨Ï¥Î§t®ò°òªº»Ä°µ¬´·½®É²£¥Í)³QÄÀ©ñ¨ì°ö¾i°ò¦Ó«O«ù¤£ÅÜ¡C¬Û¤ñ¦b¤ÑµMÀô¹Ò¤U¡A¯uµß§l¦¬Àç¾i®É±À°Ê²BÂ÷¤l¬¦ (hydrogen pump) ¦Ó²£¥ÍÆPpHÈ¡A¦]¦Ó±N®òÆQ°ò§ï¦¨®ò®ð¡A¦AÂǵ۷©M«BÅX´²³o®ò®ð (Stewart & Moore, 1974)¡C¦ÓµõÁ·µß (Schizophyllum commune)
µ²¹ê®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º´á©MºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«µo¥ÍÅܤơC¾á¤lªG¦b100¤p®É«á¥X²{©M³vº¥¦¨¼ô¡A¦¹®É¡A°ö¾i°ò¤º¸²µå¿}¦P¼Ë¦a±µªñ¯ÓºÉ¡A¦ý¦b¨ä«áªº100¤p®É¤º¡AÀç¾iµßµ·Å餺ªººÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª««o¥X²{¿n»E¡A¨ä§t¶q¬Û¹ï¾á¤lªGªººÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¶q¬°°ª¡A¥t¤@¤è±¡A´á±qÀç¾iµßµ·¹B°e¨ì¾á¤lªG²Õ´¥h§@«·s¤À°t (Wessels, 1965)¡Cµ²½×¡GÀç¾iµßµ·Åé§y¿nª«ÀHµÛ¤l¹êÅ骺¦¨¼ô¦Ó®ø¥¢¡A¨ì¤l¹êÅéµo¨|«á´Á¡A¨äÀç¾i´£¨Ñ¾aµßµ·Å餺·½¦Ó«D¥~·½ªº©³ª«¡A©Ò¥H¡A°ö¾i°ò¤ºªº¸²µå¿}¯ÓºÉ®É¡A¾á¤lªG¤´¯à§¹¦¨µo¨|¡C
ºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«ªºÂà´«»P§ÎºAµo¨|ªºÃö«Y
¨ü¨ì¥ú©Î·Å«×ÆJ°¨ë¿E¤U¡A¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus)²£¥Í¾á¤lªG (basidiome)¡AY¥ú©Î·Å«×±ø¥ó¤£¾A¦X¡A µßµ·¥u·|§Î¦¨µß®Ö (sclerotium)¡Cµß®Ö¬JµM¬O©è§Ü©Ê©M¥i¶V¦h¦~ªºµ²ºc¡A¥~³¡¥Ö¼h¬Oºò±K±Æ¦C¡B«p¾À©M·t¦â²ÓM©Ò§Î¦¨«OÅ@©M¤£³z®ðªºªí¼h(Sussman, 1968; Coley-Smith & Cooke, 1971; Willetts, 1971)¡C ¥Dnªºµß®Ö²Õ´¬O¤º³¡ªºµßÅè¡A
¨ä²ÓMÀx¦s¨x¿}¡B»EÁC»Ä¡B³J¥Õ½è©M¯×ªÕµ¥ª«½è¦p²ÓM½è²É©Î¥[«pªº²ÓM¾ÀÅÖºû (Waters et al., 1972) ¡A ·íµß®ÖµoªÞ§Î¦¨µßµ·¡BÌU¤l©Î¤l¹êÅé®É¡AÀx¦sª««K·|³Q°¸Ñ¡C
Mattews & Niederpruem
(1973) ¨£¨ì¤l¹êÅéì°ò¥ý¥Ñ©³³¡¿n»E¨x¿}¡Aµß»\ºCºC¦a¤]¥X²{¿n»E (Moore et al., 1979) ¡A ÀH¥Íªøªº§ïÅÜ¡A µß¬`ªº¿n»E®ø¥¢¡AµßÁ·ªº¿n»E·U¨Ó·U¦h¡A¦Ó¥B¥Dn¶°¤¤¤l¹ê¼h¤U¼h (Bonner et al., 1957;
McLaughlin, 1974; Moore et al., 1979; Gooday, 1985) ¡A ³o®Éè¬O²ÓM®Ö¿Ä¦X (karyogamy) ªº®É¶¡ (Moore et al., 1979) ¡A¨x¿}¦bÌU¤l¦¨¼ô®É¥þ³Q§Q¥Î¡C¦¹¥~¡A´î¼Æ¤Àµõ©Î¥H«áªº¥~´ÞÅéµßÁ·¥X²{´î¤pª½±µµ²¹êªº±¡ªp¡A ³o®É´ÁªºµßÁ·¥X²{¨x¿}·»¸Ñ©M³Q¨Ï¥Îªº±¡ªp (Moore et al., 1987) ¡A¦bµß»\´£¨ú²G¤¤§ä¤£¨ì£\-Õ௻¡A¨x¿}°¸Ñ¬O¥Ñ¨x¿}ÁC»Ät³dªº (glycogen
& breakdown)¡C Brunt & Moore (1989) ´N¬ã¨s¨x¿}¶q (³Ì°ª¥i¹FÁ`¬´¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«°®«ªº0.024%) ©M«·sµ²¹êªºÃö«Y¡A ¥ḺNµß¬`©³¤Î³»³¡©Mµß»\²Õ´©ñÀç¾i°ö¾i°ò (¤º§t³Á¤ú»I¡B»Ã¥À´£¨úª«©M¸²µå¿}) ¤W¡A ¹êÅ礤§ä¨ì¥¿¬ÛÃöÃö«Y (positive correlation) ¡A ¨ä¬ÛÃö¨ç¼Æ (correlation coefficient) ¥¤èȬO0.88¡C¥i¬O¡AY±N¥Õ¨ß¨x¿}²K¥[¨ì°ö¾i°ò¤W¡A ª½±µµ²¹ê²v«o¤£·|´£°ª(Ji & Moore, 1993)¡C¥t¤è±¡A »ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurotus pulmonarius)
«h§ä¤£¨ì¨x¿}©Mª½±µµ²¹êªºÃö«Y (Chiu & To, 1993)¡CÀç¾iªº¹B¿é¬O¤£Â_¥Ñµß¬`¨ìµß»\ªº¡A ¦Ó¨x¿}¦bµß»\¿n»E¡A ´N¬O´£¨Ñ¥H«áµo¨|ªº©Ò»Ý¡A ¦³²Õ´ªº¤º²ÓM¹B¿é¥´±qÀç¾iµßµ·¶}©l¨ì¤l¹êÅéµß¬`ª½¹Fµß»\¡A ¥Ñµß»\¦y¨ìµß»\Åè¿ç®gª¬¦a¶Ç¨ìµßÁ·¡A n¯d·Nªº¬O¡G Àç¾iª«¤]¦³¥Ñµß»\¨ìµß¬`ªº¦^¬y¡A ¦Óªì¥ÍµßÁ·¤]ª½±µ¥Ñµß¬`±µ¦¬Àç¾iª«¡A °³Ê¤l¹êÅé©Mµßµ·´Á³£±Ä¥Î¨x¿}¦X¦¨-°¸Ñªº´`Àô¡A ì¦]¬O¡G ¥H¯à¶q®Ä¯q¨Ó»¡¡G ¨C¤À¸Ñ¤@¸²µå¿}©ÒÄÀ©ñªº6%¯à¶q (§Y37 ÓATP¤À¤l¤¤ªº¨âÓ)´N¥i§@¸²µå¿}¡÷¨x¿}¡÷¸²µå¿}¡÷¨x¿}ªº´`Àô¡A ¥H³æ¿}©ÎÂù¿}¹B¿é¤ñ¹B¿é¦h¿}Ãþªº¯à¶q®ø¯Ó¬°§C¡A ¦]¦¹¡A ¨x¿}¦X¦¨-°¸Ñªº´`Àô¬O¤@¦X²z¦³®Äªº¤À°tºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«ªº¤èªk¡C
´áªº¤¤¶¡¥NÁÂ
²ÊÁWÌUµß (Neurospora crassa) ©MÆC°s»Ã¥À (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)ªºNAD-¨¦Ói»Ä²æ²B (NAD- glutamate dehydrogenase, NAD-GDH) t³d°¸Ñªº¨¤¦â (¨¦®ò»Ä ¡÷ 2-®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ + ®òÆQ°ò¡F glutamate ¡÷ 2-oxoglutarate + ammonium ) ¡A¦Ó NADP - ³sµ²¬O¦X¦¨¥NÁ¥Ϊº (2 -®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ + ®òÆQ°ò ¡÷ ¨¦®ò»Ä) (Sanwal & Lata, 1961;
Holzer et al., 1965) ¡CSanwal & Lata (1962) §ó¶i¤@¨B´£Ä³³o¤GÓ¬O¬Û¤¬½Õ±±ªº¡C³o¨ÇÆ[©À¨Ã¤£¬Oª÷¬ì¥É«ß¡AStine (1968) ¦bNeurosporaªºÁ¡¾ÀÌU¤lµÞµo´Á¨Ã¨S¦³µo²{¥ô¦ó¬Û¤¬½Õ±±³o¤GÓªº³W«h¡C¦Ó Dennen & Niederpruem (1967)
±NµõÁ·µßªº³æ®Öµßµ·±q¨¦®ò»Ä°ö¾i°ò¾E²¾¨ì®òÆQ°ò°ö¾i°ò¡ANADP-GDH ³Q¬¡¤Æ¡A¦ý NAD - GDH «h¨S¦³¤ÏÀ³¡C·í Casselton (1976)µo²{®òÆQ°ò¦P¤Æ¨t²Î¤¤¦³¨¦®ò»Ä¦X¦¨/¤Ò»Ä¦w¦X¦¨®É¡A±¡ªp´N§ó¥[½ÆÂø¡C¤£¹L¡A°³Ê¨Ã¨S¦³¨¦®ò»Ä¦X¦¨¡A°³Ê¾Ö¦³¤GÓ GDH ¡A¦¹¥~¡Aµßµ·ªº NAD-GDH µL½×¥Íªø±¡ªp¬O§_»Ý¨D¥h®ò©Î¨î®ò³£ªí²{°ª¬¡©Ê¡ANAD-GDH ©M NADP-GDH³£¨Sªí²{¬Û¤¬½Õ±±¡A©Ò¥H¡A§Ú̬۫H: °³ÊªºNAD-GDH¥i¦]À³Àô¹Ò»Ýn¡A¦Ó§@²æÓi©M¨îÓi¡A¦ý NADP-GDH ¬O»P¤l¹êÅéµo¨|¤¤ªº¾á¤l¤À¤Æ¦³Ãö«Yªº¡C
Moore & Ewaze (1976) ½×z: ¦b°³Ê¤l¹êÅ餤¡ANAD-GDH ªº¦s¦b©Î³\»P¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô©Ò»Ýªº2-®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ¥h®ò§@¥Î¦³Ãö (¨£Chapter 3) ¡A¦ýNADP-GDHªº¥\¯à¤S«ç¼Ë? ¤GÓ³£¦³¤£¦Pªº¬¡°Ê©Ê½è (Al-Gharawi & Moore,
1977) ¡ANADP - GDH ®i²{¹ï2 -®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQ ©M NADPH©³ª«ªº¥¿±§@¥Î¡A¹ï NADP+ ªºt±¤ÏÀ³¡A©M¹ï®òÆQ°ò·¥±Ó·Pªº§í¨î¥h®ò§@¥Î¡CNADP - GDH¹ï2 ¡V ®ñ¤Æ¨¦®ò»ÄÆQªº¤ÏÀ³¡A´N¬O¦nÅý©³ª«¼W¥[P 4 mM ³o¤@ ¨î¿@«×¡AµM«áNADP ¡V GDH¤~¹FP³Ì°ª¬¡©Ê (Al-Gharawi & Moore,
1977)¡C¥t¤@¤è±¡ANAD-GDH ¥Î NADH ªí¥Ü¥¿±ªº¦X§@©Ê¡A¦Ó»P¨ä¥L©³ª«¥uªí²{¦Ì³Í§Q´µ ¡V ªù¹y¤½¦¡ªº°Ê¤O¯S©Ê©M¤¤«×²£ª«§í¨î©Ê¡C
¥H¤U¥|Ó¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus)µß»\ªº¤TÓµo¨|´Á¦³°ª¬¡©Êªí²{¡A¦Ó¦bµß·F¥u¦³§C¬¡©Ê( Coprinus
enzymes 1)¡GNADP-¨¦Ói»Ä²æ²B (NADP-GDH)¡B¨¦Ói»ÄÆQ¦X¦¨
(glutamine synthetase, GS)¡B³¾Ói»Ä¤AÂಾ (ornithine acetyl
transferase, OAT) ©M³¾Ói»Ä®ò°ò¥ÒÂಾ (ornithine
carbamyl transferase, OCT) ¡A¦Ó§¿¯À (urease) ¦bµß·F¦³¸û°ªªº¬¡©Ê¡A©M¦bÀç¾i¥Íªø®É«O«ù¤@©w²Õ¦¨«¬ (constitutive)¤ô¥¡C
°£¤F¤ñ¬¡©Ê¡A¤ÏÀ³ªº¦³Ãö¥NÁª«¥ç¥X²{¿n»E±¡ªp (Coprinus
metabolites ) (Moore et al., 1979) ¡CºëÓi»Ä (arginine) ©M§¿¯À (urea) ¦bµß»\¥X²{¿n»E¡C¦bÂA«¤ñ¤W¡A§¿¯À¨S°lÀHµß»\µo¨|¦Ó§ïÅÜ¡A¦ý¦b°®«¤ñ¤W¡A§¿¯Àªí²{2.5¿ªº¼W¥[¡A¦P¼Ë¦a¡A±N¬¡ªº¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ¾á¤lªG²Õ´Á¡¤Á¤ù©ñ¦b¿ç®g¼Ð°Oªº(U-14C) ¡V ¥Ê®ò»Ä (citrulline) ¤¤¡Aµ²ªGµý©ú§¿¯À¦X¦¨¥u¦bµß»\¦Ó«Dµß¬`¥X²{¡A¦]¬°«áªÌ¦³°ªªº§¿¯À¬¡°Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A±ÀÂ_§¿¯À¦b²ÓMªº¿n»E¡A§l¤Þ¤ôªºº¯³z¡C³oºØ²ÓM¿±¤j»Pµß»\ÀHµo¨|ªº§ÎºA§ïÅܦ³«nÃö«Y (¨£Chapter 5) (Moore et al., 1979)¡CÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) ©M°¨«kµß(Lycoperdon) ªº¤l¹êÅé³£ªí²{§¿¯Àªº¿n»E¡A¦¹®É§¿¯À¬O³z¹L³¾®ò»Ä©P´Á (ornithine cycle)²£¥Íªº¡C¥t¥~¡A±N¦Ç»\°³Êµß»\©ñ¶i(U-14C) ¡V¨¦®ò»Ä (glutamate)¤@¤p®É«á¡A22% ªº¿ç®g´N¤À§G¦b4 ¡V ®ò°ò¤B»Ä (4-aminobutyrate)¡A54% ¦bÄ«ªG»Ä (malate) ¡Bµ[¬Ä»Ä (succinate) ©MÂfÂc»ÄÆQ (citrate)¡A©M 6% ¦bºë®ò»Ä (arginine)¡A¦bµß¬`³¡¨ä¬Û¹ïªº¿@«×¬O: 38%¡B 35% ©M 2%¡C³o³£ªí©úµß»\©Mµß¬`³£¦³®Ä¦a¹B¥Î¨¦®ò»Ä²æßnÀô (glutamate decarboxylation
loop) (TCA) ¡A¦ý¬O¡Aµß»\¿n»Eºë®ò»Ä (arginine) ¡A¥Nªí°ª¬¡ªº§¿¯À´`Àô (urea cycle) (Ewaze et al., 1978)¡C
¨ä¹ê¡A¦Ç»\°³Êµß»\ªº±¡ªp¡A¥i¦bÀç¾i´Á»s³y¥X¨Ó¡C°ö¾i°òÂಾ§Þ³N (Stewart & Moore, 1974; Al-Gharawi & Moore, 1977) ªº¨BÆJ¬O¡G¥ý±Nµßµ·°ö¾i4
¦Ü 5¤Ñ¡AµM«á¦¬Ã¬¡A²M¬~µßµ·¡A¦A©ñ¶iÆQ°ö¾i°ò¤¤¡A¤º¥u¦³100 mM¤þà¬»Ä (pyruvate) ¦Ó¨S¨ä¥L´á·½¡C µ²ªGµß®èªí²{¤j¶q NADP-GDH¡BGS¡BOAT©MOCTªº¬¡©Ê¦Ó´î¤Ö
NAD-GDH ©M §¿ªº¬¡©Ê (Mycelium
transfer)¡C¨ä¤¤ NADP-GDH©MGSªº¬¡°Êªí²{¥¿½u©ÊÃö«Y (¬Û¤¬Ãö«Y«Y¼Æ¬O0.94) ¡A³oÅã¥Ü¨âªÌªº¬Û¤¬½Õ±±¡C¦P¨Ç¡A¦b°ö¾i°òÂಾªºº 5¤p®É¡ANAD-GDH ¤]¼W¥[40%ªº¬¡©Ê¡A¥u¦³¦b¸û«á®É´Á¡ANAD-GDH ªº¬¡©ÊÃÒ©ú¤p©óNADP-GDHªº¡C¦]¦¹¡A°³Êªº NAD- ©M NADP -GDH ¤£¬O¤¬´f½Õ±±ªº¡C¦Ó¥B¡A©ñ®g©Ê¦P¦ì¯À¼Ð°O§Þ³Nªºµ²ªG¡A©M³¡¤À¤ÏÀ³·|³Q [¥³¤G]ÂOÓiÀô¤vଠ(cycloheximide) §í¨îªº¨Æ¹ê¡Aµý©ú¡GNADP-GDH ³J¥Õ½è¬O§Y®É¦X¦¨ªº (Jabor & Moore, 1984)¡A©M³o¥hªý¹K²{¶H¨S¦³°±º¢´Á¡C
¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê(Coprinus
cinereus)¤l¹êÅ駡¥iÀËÅç¨ì¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô¤§²§ÂfÂc»Ä²æ²B (NAD-isocitrate
dehydrogenase)¡Bµ[¬Ä»Ä²æ²B©MÄ«ªG»Ä²æ²Bªº¬¡©Ê(TCA) ¡C¦¹¥~¡A·í¤l¹êÅéì°òµo¨|®É¡Aµß»\¤ñµß¬`§t¸û¤Öªº®òÆQ°ò (ammonium)¡A¦Ó¥B®òÆQ°ò¤ô¥¤£Â_°I´î (Ewaze et al., 1978; biochemistry)¡C ³oºØ¤j¶q¨x¿} (glycogen) ªº·s³¯¥NÁ©M·L¶qªº®òÆQ°ò±¡ªp¤Þ¾É¤F¤A»²¢Ï (acetyl CoA) ªº¿n»E¡A©M´£°ª TCA´`Àôªº¬¡©Ê¡C
¦Ç»\°³ÊNADP-GDH¹ï®òÆQ°ò (ammonium) ªº Km ¬O 2mM¡A»·§C©óNAD-GDH¹ï®òÆQ°òªºKm (18.8 mM) ¡C¦]¦¹¡ANADP-GDH©MGS¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê¤@°_²Õ¦¨®òÆQ°ò²M±½¨t²Î (ammonium scavenging system)¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦bµßÁ·¥~´ÞÅ骺¥Íª«´ú¸Õ¤¤ (Chiu & Moore, 1988a) ¡A¬JµM¥u¦³®òÂ÷¤l©ML-¨¦®ò»Ä (L-glutamine) ¤~¦³³oºØ¹ï¾á¤lªº¤À¤Æ§í¨î©Mªð¦^Àç¾i¥Íªø¼Ò¦¡ªº§@¥Î¡A ¥¿±`ªº¤l¹êÅéµo¨|¥²¶·«OÅ@¾á¤l¡A§K¨ü³oÃþ·s³¯¥NÁª«ªº¼vÅT¡A °³Ê¾á¤l¦³«Ü°ª¦P¤Æ®òÂ÷¤lªº NADP-GDH¬¡©Ê (Elhiti et al., 1987) ¡AMoore et al. (1997) µo²{ NADP-GDHªº¬¡©Ê¦b®Ö°t®É¥X²{¡A¦b´î¼Æ¤Àµõ®É´£¤É¡A«O«ù¤ô¥ª½¦Ü¾áÌU¤l¥X²{©M¦¨¼ô¡C
Àô¸¢»Ä (cAMP)
¥¿¦]¬°Àô¸¢»Ä¦b½L°òºô¬`µß (Dictyostelium discoideum)
¤Þ°_¸sÅé»E¶°©Mµo¨|PªG¤lÅé (sorocarps) (Newell, 1978)¡A ¤j²³«K¶°¤¤µJÂI¬ã¨sÀô¸¢»Ä¦b¨ä¥L¥Íª«ªº§@¥Î¡CKuhad et al. (1987) ´ú¶q¦Ç»\°³Ê¾á¤lªG¦U²Õ´ªºÀô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}§t¶q (Coprinus cAMP)
¡Aµo²{¡G¾á¤lªGì°ò¦³³Ì°ªªºÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q (¬ù 90 pmol mg-1 dry wt)¡C ¦p¥H¾á¤lªG§@³æ¦ì¡A ³Ì°ªªºÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q´N¦b¾á¤lªG²Ä¤Tªºµo¨|¶¥¬q (¾á¤l¤w§¹¦¨´î¼Æ¤Àµõ¡A¨Ã¥Bªø¥X¾áÌU¤l)¡AµM«á¨³³t°I·L¡C¾á¤lªG¦U²Õ´ªº°®«ÀHµo¨|¶¥¬q¦Ó¦³¤£¦PªºÅܤơA ¦ý¬O¨äÀô¸¢»Ä§t¶q±q¤£¶W¶V¤l¹êÅéì°òªº50%¤ô¥ (Coprinus cAMP)¡CÂù®Öµßµ·¦b 9¤Ñ37oC°ö¾i¤U¡A Àô¸¢»Ä§t¶q¥Ñ0.5 ´£¤É¦Ü 2.9 pmol mg-1¡A¦ý¾á¤lªGì°ò¹ï¤ñÀç¾iµßµ·¦³30¿ªº»¼¼W (Coprinus cAMP)
¡C·í¾á¤lªG¦¨¼ô®É¡A Àô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}§t¶q³£¦P®É¼W¥[¡C³oºØÀô¸¢»Ä©M¨x¿}ªº¥¿ÅÃö«Y¤]¦b¾á¤lªG²Õ´¤¤¥X²{¡C µM¦Ó¡A Àô¸¢»Äªº°I°h¤ñ¨x¿}ªº§ó¦¥X²{¡A ³Ì«á¾á¤lªG§t¶q»PÀç¾iµßµ·ªº¬Û¦P¡C
¨ä¹ê¡AÀô¸¢»Äªº¿n»E³q±`¶H¼x¤@²b¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}²{¶H¡A¦Ó°Êª«¬É¤¤Àô¸¢»Ä½Õ¸`¨x¿}ªº·s³¯¥NÁ¬O¡G³z¹L´£°ªÀô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥ (¨ó½Õ§í¨î¦X¦¨»P¬¡¤Æ¤À¸Ñ¨â¹Lµ{)¡A¥h¸Ñ¨M¸²µå¿}ªº¯Ê¥F¦Ó¦^´_¯à²ü¡C¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê¤¤¡A ¥H¤Uµý¾Ú¡G °ö¾i°ò¤¤¸²µå¿}ªº¤ô¥»PÀç¾iµßµ·Àô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥§e²{t©ÊÃö«Y (Uno & Ishikawa,
1974)¡A Àô¸¢»Ä¹ï¨x¿}¦X¦¨ (Uno & Ishikawa,
1978)¡B ÁC»Ä¤Gà (Uno & Ishikawa, 1973b) ©MÁC»Ä¤Æ (Uno & Ishikawa, 1976) ªº¼vÅT¡A ÁÙ¦³¸¢»ÄÀô¤Æªº¦ì¸m (Uno & Ishikawa, 1975) ³£Åã¥Ü¦Ç»\°³Ê©M°ªµ¥¯u®Ö¥Íª«Ãþ¦ü¡G °³Ê¦bµ²¹ê®É¡A Àç¾iµßµ·³z¹LÀô¸¢»Äªº¦X¦¨¥h§í¨î¨x¿}¦X¦¨©M¬¡¤Æ¨x¿}ÁC»Ä¤Æ¦Ó½Õ±±¨x¿}§t¶q (Uno & Ishikawa, 1982)¡CµM¦Ó¡A¦b¾á¤lªGªºµo¨|´Á¶¡¡A¨x¿}©MÀô¸¢»Ä¥i¦P®É³B°ª¤ô¥¡A ¦Ó¦b³Ì§CÀô¸¢»Ä¤ô¥®É¡A ¦³¤j¶qªº¨x¿}®ø¯Ó (Coprinus cAMP)
(Kuhad et al., 1987)¡C¨s³º³o¦p¦ó¸ÑÄÀ¡H
Àç¾iµßµ·Y¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}¡A ³Ì¨Î¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¬O¼W¥[±q°ö¾i°ò§l¦¬¸²µå¿}¡A ¦Ó«D¾a°¸ÑÅ餺¦h¿}¡C¦]¦¹¡A Àô¸¢»Ä¨ë¿E¨x¿}ªº¿n»E¥i¯à¬Oªþ¥[¹ï¸²µå¿}¶Ç°e¨t²ÎªºÅܺc½Õ±±¡FÂǸɵ¹¸²µå¿} 6-ÁC»Ä¥h¥h°£Àô¸¢»Ä¹ï¨x¿}¦X¦¨ªº§í¨î (Moore & Devadatham, 1979;
TajAldeen & Moore, 1982)¡CÀô¸¢»Ä¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê¾á¤lªG¿n»Eªº¦ì¸m¡A´N¬O¾E²¾¨x¿}§@¹B¿é¦Ó¤£¬O¥ß§Y¨Ï¥Îªº¦a¤è¡F·í¦h¿}¬O¹L´ç¦s¦b¡B¨x¿}©MÀô¸¢»Ä¦P®É³B°ª¤ô¥®É¡A ¦]¬°²ÓM¤À¸Ñ¨x¿}¤]¦P®É¿é¥X²£«~¡A¦]¦¹¡A²ÓM¹ê¯Ê¥F¸²µå¿}¡C³Ì«á¡M¦b¦¨¼ôªºµß»\¸Ì¨x¿}³Q§¹¥þ§Q¥Î¡A¼W¥[ªº¯à²ü¤j¤j´î§CÀô¸¢»Äªº¤ô¥¡Cµ²½×¬O¡GÀô¸¢»Ä (cAMP) t³dºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«¹B¿é¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¨x¿}°¸Ñªº¯S©w¨¤¦â¡C
Water activity (¤ô¬¡¤O)
Water activity (¤ô¬¡¤O; Aw) ±M«ü¤ô¤À¦b²ÓM¤º¥~¬¡°Ê¡A¥i¥Î¥H¤U¤½¦¡pºâ¡G
RH = 100 x Aw
¨ä¤¤ Aw = P/Po
RH: relative humidity¬Û¹ïÀã«×¡FP =·»²Gªº»]µoÀ£ (vapour pressure) ¡F Po =¯Â¤ôªº»]µoÀ£¡C
¥t¥~¡A¤ô¬¡¤O (Aw) »P¤ôÀ£ (£k; ³æ¦ì¬° bar) ªºÃö«Y¬O¡G £k = 1.37 x 103 ln Aw
¤@¯ë¨î¯uµß¥Íªøµo¨|ªºAwȬù¬° 1.0¡A¦]¬°¤w¸g¨S¦³Àç¾iª«½è¥i³Q§Q¥Î¡CXerophilic fungi (³ß§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©ó 0.9 < Aw <0.98®É¡A Xerotolerant fungi (@§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©óAwȬù¬° 1.0®É¡AExtreme Xerotolerant fungi (¹½§ò¯uµß) ¥Í¬¡©óAw >0.97®É¡C¯uµß½Õ±±¦Û¨ªºì¥Í½è·»½è (solute) ¿@«×¡A§Y§ïÅܺ¯³zÀ£ (osmotic pressure)¡A¥H¾AÀ³¥~¬ÉAw¡C¨ä¤¤±`¥Îªº·»½è¬O¦h¤¸¾J¡A¥]¬A¥ÌÅS¾J (mannitol) ©M®üĦ¿} (trehalose) (¨âªÌ¬°¥i·»©ÊºÒ¤ô¤Æ¦Xª«) ¡AÁÙ¦³¥Ìªo (glycerol)¡C
¥ÌÅS¾J (mannitol) ¿n»E
¥ÌÅS¾J¬O¤@¥i¿Ë©M·»½è¡A ·N«ä¬O¡G ²ÓM¥i¤j¶qÀx¦s³oÃþ§C¤À¤l¡B¤¤©Êª«½è¡A ¦Ó¤£·|¤Þ°_§í¨î©Î¨ä¥LªºÄÌÂZ (Brown & Simpson, 1972; Brown, 1978)¡A ¦Ó¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¨ä¤¤¤@Ó¨¤¦â¬O½Õ¸`º¯³zÀ£¡A ¥hºû«ù¤@°ª¤ºº¯³zÀ£¥h«Ø¥ßµÈ¤O¡A ©M·íÀô¹Ò¦³°ª¿@«×ªº·»½è©Mº¯³zÀ£®É¡A ¤´ºû«ù¤ôº¯¤J²ÓMªºÀ£¤O (Lewis & Smith, 1967; Ellis et al.,
1991)¡C
§Q¥Î®ð¬Û²GÅé¼hªRªk(GLC)º¦¸µo²{»Û£ (Lentinula edodes) ¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¦s¦b©M¼Æ¶q¡GÀç¾iµßµ·¥u¦³1% (°®«¶q)¡A µß¬`©Mµß»\«h§t20 ¡V 30%¡C ¬Û¤ñ¤U¡A ÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) µß»\¾Ö¦³³Ì¤j¶qªº¥ÌÅS¾J (50%)¡A¦Ó¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) «h§ä¤£¨ì¥ÌÅS¾J ©Î NADP - ³sµ²¥ÌÅS¾J²æ²B(NADP-mannitol dehydrogenase, ¦¹t³d¥ÌÅS¾Jªº¦X¦¨) (Rao & Niederpruem, 1969; Tan & Moore,
1994) ¡C ¥ÌÅS¾J¦bÂùÌUĨۣ©M»Û£¬Û«H¬Ot³d½Õ¸`º¯³zÀ£ªº¡AÃþ¦üªº¥\¯à¦b¦Ç»\°³Ê¬O¥Ñ§¿¯Àt³dªº¡CÂùÌUĨۣ¨Ï¥ÎNADPH-³sµ²¥ÌÅS¾J²æ²B¥HªG¿} (fructose) ¬°©³ª«¦X¦¨¥ÌÅS¾J (Edmundowicz & Wriston,
1963) ¡A¦Ó ¾aPPP²£¥ÍNADPH ³oÁÙì¤O¡C¡CY±q»Û£¿n»E¥ÌÅS¾J¨Ó¬Ý¡A»Û£ªº¸²µå¿}²§¤Æ³~®|»PÂùÌUĨۣ¬Û¦ü¡A³£¬O¥HPPP ¬°¥D (HMP)¡C
¥NÁªº§ïÅÜ¥h°t¦X§ÎºAµo¨|
±`¥Î¹¥Î¯uµß¤¤¡A»ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurorus
pulmonarius) ®e©ö¦b²³æªº°ö¾i°òµ²¹ê¡A´Nºâ¬O¤ô°ö¾i¤]¥i¥H¡A¦Ó¥B¥XÛ£¶g´Áµu¡A¬O¾A¦X§@¹êÅç¬ã¨sªº (Chiu & To, 1993 ; Chiu et
al., 1998) ¡C¦Ó»ñ§ÀÛ£ (Pleurotus pulmonarius) ªº¥NÁ¡A»P¦Ç»\°³Ê (Coprinus cinereus) ©MÂùÌUĨۣ (Agaricus bisporus) µ¥¤£¤@¼Ë (metabolism)
(Chiu & Moore, 1999)¡Aªí²{¯uµß¥Í¤Æ¤Wªº¦h¼Ë©Ê (metabolic diversity)¡C
»ñ§ÀÛ£¥XÛ£Á¢®É¡AÂà®òGOT (Aspartate
aminotransferase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-aspartic
transaminase, AST, GOT) ©MÁC»Ä¤v¿}²§ºcPHI
(Phosphohexose isomerase, PHI, GPI) ªº¤ñ¬¡©Ê¤U°¦ýîÇÁY (aldolase) ¬¡©Ê´£¤É¡A³o³£¤Ï¬MÅ餺¯Ê´á¡AÁöµMºÒ¬y¶qÂ×´I (¦b°ª C:N¤ñ¨Ò±¡ªp)¡C¦¹¥~¡A³ÁªÞ¿}°ö¾i°òÁY´îµ²¹ê©Ò»Ý®É¶¡¡A¦Ü©ó¥Í¤Æ¤è±¡A«h»P¸²µå¿}°ö¾i°òªºµß®è¦b¥XÛ£Á¢®É¤@¼Ë¡G³J¥Õ½è¥Í²£¶q¤U°©M¤U½Õ GOT¬¡©Êµ¥¡A§Y´á¥NÁ¦ӫDºÒ¥NÁ¤~¬O»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺¥X²{ (Chiu & Moore, 1999) ¡C¦Ó¾á¤lªGªºµß»\©Mµß¬`«O«ù§C¤ô¥ªºPHIªº¤ñ¬¡©Ê¡A¤Ï¬MEMP³~®| (®¦§B¹y-ÁÚCÀN¤Ò-©¬¯Ç´µ³~®|) ¤£¬O¥Dnªº¿}»Ã¸Ñµ{§Ç¡A¬Û¤Ï¡A¾á¤lªGªºG6PDH
(Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) ©MGOT¬¡©Ê³£³B°ª¤ô¥¡Aµý©ú¡G»ñ§ÀÛ£Àç¾i¥Íªø´Á®É¡APPP (¥³¿}ÁC»Ä³~®|) ©MEMP ³~®|¦P¼Ë«n¡A¦ý¦b¾á¤lªG²Õ´¤¤¡APPP¤~¬O¥D¾É (Chiu
& Moore, 1999)¡C
Àô¹ÒÅܼÆ
©³ª«ªº©Ê½è¡Bª«§Î (topography)
Trinci et al. (1979) ¬ã¨sá¤g¤ò¾` (Mucor hiemalis) µßµ·ªºÁ³±Ûª¬¥Íªø¡A µo²{¡G°ö¾i°òªºÃ£¯×¿@«×¼vÅT¤ÀªKÀW²v©MºÞª¬²ÓM¥Íªøªº¤è¦V¡A24¤p®É«áµßµ·¦b3%ã¯×©³ª«¤W¥X²{Á³±Û¥Íªø ¡CMadelin et al. (1978) ´£Ä³Á³±Û§Î¤§¥Íªø¬O¥Ñ©ó¥ÍªøÂI»P©³ª«§@¥Î¤Þ°_¾÷±ñ©Ê±ÛÂà¦Ó¦¨ªº¡A³o¨Ã¤£²o¯A¥Í²z§@¥Î¡C¦Ó¤ºÀô¹Òªº½Õ±±«h¥i¤Þ°_¤£¦Pªºµßµ·²ÓM§ÎºA¡C¦Ó³\¦h¯f®`¯uµß¦b±µÄ²¨ì¸±ªºª«§Î¡A¤~·|¤À¤ÆªþM(appressoria)¡C
½\ª«ªºù×µß (cereal rusts) ¤ÞP¨C¦~ 10%ªº¹A§@²£ª«·l¥¢¡CÂùÌUù×µß (Puccinia graminis) ¬O¤@±M©Ê(obligate)ªº¬¡¹ (biotrophic) ¯f®`µß¡A±H¥D¬O¤p³Á¡CÅé¥~ÀR¤î°ö¾i¤U¡AÂùÌUù×µß (Puccinia graminis) ¨ü¸ªº©ö´§µoªº (volatile) ¤v²m¾JÃþ¥NÁª« (hexenol)¡G¤Ö©ó 10 mM ªºcis-3-hexen-1-ol©M¤Ö©ó1 mMªºtrans-2-hexen-1-ol»¤µoªþMªº¤À¤Æ¡A¦Ó¨ä¥L¯uµß¦p¡G
Magnaporthe grisea (the rice
blast fungus) ªºªþM¤À¤Æ°T®§¤À¤l¬O¡G¤A²m(ethylene) ¡B¨¤½è³æÅé (cutin monomers:
1,16-hexadecanediol, cis-9-octadecen-1-ol & hexadecan-1-ol)¡CÂùÌUù׵ߪºªþM¦b¸®ð¤Õ (stoma)¤W«h§eÂù·¥ (bipolar) §ÎºA¡AY¦b¥±¤W¡AªÞºÞ¬O³æ¤@·¥©Êªº (unipolar) (Collins et al., 2001) ¡C
Ãä½t®ÄÀ³©M¶Ë®`
¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ³q±`µo¥Í©óµßµ·ªø¨ì°ö¾i°òÃä½t©Î¹J¨ì»Ùꪫ®É¡A ³o´NºÙ¬°Ãä½t®ÄÀ³ (edge effect)¡C¦Ó³Ì´¶¹Mªº¿ù»~¨£¸Ñ¬O¡G¦]¬°°ö¾i®e¾¹¾À¬OÂX´²ªº»Ùê¡A¦]¦¹ ¤@¡u¤£ª¾¦Wªº°±¤î¥Íªøª«½è¡v·|¿n»E¾ÉP²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé (Buston & Rickard,
1956)¡A
©Î±¡ªp·|¥O²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé§í¨îª«½è¥¢¬¡
(Chet et al., 1966; Chet & Henis, 1968)¡CRobinson (1926) À˵ø¤õµ·µß (Pyronema confluens) ªºÃä½t®ÄÀ³¡A©M»P¥ú©M´á·½Ãö«Y¡C¥Lªºµ²½×¬O¡G·í¥Íªø¨ü¨ìª«²z©Ê©Î¤Æ¾Ç©Êªýê¦Ó°±¹y®É¡A¥Í´Þ¾¹©x´N·|¥X²{¡CLysek (1976) ÂǤ£¦Pªº¤èªk¤ÞP¬`ÌU´ß (Podospora anserina)µßµ·°±¤î©µªø¡AµM«á°O¿ý¤lÅnªGªº¼Æ¥Ø©M¤À§G¡C·í¨âÓ¸s¸¨¥Íªø¦bÀç¾i¯Ê¥Fªº°ö¾i°ò©Î©ó100 mM ªG¿}°ö¾i°ò²K¥[¤s±ù¿}®É¡A¦b¬Û¹J½uªº¨â®Ç§ä¨ì§ó¦hªº¤lÅnªG¡CLysek (1976) ²M·¡«ü¥X¡GµL½×¬O·l¶Ë¡Bª«²z»Ùê¡B´î¤Ö¾i®Æ¨ÑÀ³©Î²K¥[ª«½è¡A¥un¬O¤ÞP°±Àç¾i¥Íªø¡A¨ºÓ¦ì¸m´N¶i¦æ¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¡CHock et al. (1978) §óı¹î¨ì¤jÌUÁT´ßµßµ·ªº§½³¡¤j¶q¤ÀªK©M§Î¦¨¤l¹êÅ骺Ãö«Y¡F¯eÀç¾iµßµ·ªº«eºÝ¥Íªø¡A¾ÉP«á±ªº¦¨ªøµßµ·¶i¦æ¤ÀªK¡A³o´£°ªµßµ·±K«×¥h§Î¦¨¤l¹êÅé¡CÁÙ¦³¡A³o¨Ç¹êÅç³£«ü¥X¡G¥Íªø¨ü¨ìÄÌÂZ¤~¤ÞP¤l¹êÅ骺¥X²{ (MacDonald & Bond, 1976)¡A ¥~¶¡¾i®Æ§ïÅܤÞP¤º¦b·s³¯¥NÁªº§ï¸ô¥h²£¥Í¤l¹êÅé¡C
³\¦h¯uµß¦b¨ü¨ì¾÷±ñ©Ê·l¶Ë®É¡A»¤µo¤l¹êÅé©Î¨ä¥L¦h²ÓMºc³y¡C¾á¤l¯uµßµõÁ·µß(Schizophyllum commune)
ªº³æ®Ö¤l¹êÅé
(monokaryotic fruit body) ´£¨Ñ¤@¤è«Kªº¹êÅç¨t²Î (Leonard & Dick, 1973; Stahl &
Esser, 1976; Leslie & Leonard, 1979a, b)¡C¨Ãµo²{¥|Ó©Î¥H¤Wªº±±¨î¿ò¶Ç¦]¤l¡C³Ì«á¡A¥LÌÁ`µ²¥|Ó²Õ¦Xªº¿ò¶Ç¦]¤l¥h¾Þ±±³æ®Öµßµ·¥Í²£¤l¹êÅé¡A ¤G²Õ¬O¦V·l¶Ë§@¤ÏÀ³ªº¡A ¤@²Õ¦V»¤µo¤l¹êÅ骫½è§@¤ÏÀ³ªº¡A²Ä¥|²Õ¦³¨âÓ°ò¦]¬Ot³d¦Ûµo¥Í²£³æ®Ö¤l¹êÅ骺¡C¥ÐÀYÛ£ (Agrocybe aegerita) ±±¨îµ²¹êªº°ò¦]¼Ò«¬³£¦P¼Ë«ü¥X¡G³\¦h¤£¦P¦Ó¥¦æªº³~®|³£¥i»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺²£¥Í (Leslie
& Leonard, 1979b; Esser & Meinhardt (1977)¡C
¥ú
¥ú¦b¤£¦Pªº¥Íª«¦³¤£¦Pªº®ÄªG¡A ¥]¬A¡G¼W¥[©Î´î¤Ö¤l¹êÅ骺¼Æ¥Ø¡B»¤µo©Î§í¨î¤l¹êÅ骺²£¥Í¤Î¼vÅT¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¥Íªø (Carlile,1970; Tan, 1978;
Elliott, 1994)¡C¦³¨Ç¯uµß¦b¥ú·Ó¤U¡AÀô¸¢»Ä©M¤@¨Ç²æ²B³£¦³ÅܤơA°³Ê¤l¹êÅéì°ò´N¬O¨ü¥ú¨ë¿E¤U¦¨ªø©M¤Þ°_´X¤B½è©MNADP-¨¦®ò»Ä²æ²Bªº¥Í²£ (Ishikawa & Serizawa, 1978)¡C
¥t¤@½ÆÂø¦]¯À¬O¶Â·tªº®É¬q·|¼vÅT¥ú¤ÏÀ³¡C³ÂÌU´ß(Gelasinospora
reticulospora) ªºµßµ·»Ýn¦Ü¤Ö¤£¶¡Â_ªº30¤p®É¶Â·t°ö¾i¤~·|Åܱo¹ï¥ú¦³¤ÏÀ³¡A¥un±N¶Â·t´Á´¡¤Jªñµµ¥~½u©ÎÂŦâ¥úªºÂ²µu·Ó®g¤¤¡A¤lÅnªG´N¤£·|²£¥Í (Inoue & Furuya, 1974)¡C°³Ê´N§ó½ÆÂø; ¤l¹êÅéì°òªº¦¨¼ôn¼ÉÅS¦b¥|©Î¤¬q¥ú-·t§Ç¦C¤~¥i§¹¦¨ (Manachére, 1970; Kamada et
al., 1978) ¡A¦Ó¥B¡A ¶Â·tªº¼ÉÅS©P´Á»P·Å«×¦³¤¬¸ÉªºÃö«Y (Lu, 1972,1974; Morimoto
& Oda, 1974; Durand, 1983)¡C°³Ê¤l¹êÅéì°ò¦pªG¦b¶Â·t¦¨ªø¡A µß¬`°ò³¡´N·|©µ¦ù§Î¦¨«C¥Õ¤l¹êÅé¡AºÙ¶Â·tªº¬` (dark stipes) (Tsusue,1969) ©Î¥¨¤jªº¬` (oversized stipes) (Lu, 1974)
©Mªøªº]±ø¬`
(long slender stalks) (Morimoto & Oda, 1973)¡CBuller (1931) ¥Îªº³N»y¬O°²®Ú (pseudorhiza)¡A¦Ó¥B¥Ü½d¥¦´N¬O¹ê¤ßªºµß¬`°ò¦b¶Â·t¤¤¦ù©µ¡F¦b¥¿±`ªºµo¨|¤¤¡A¥ú§í¨îµß¬`°òªº¦ùªø¦Ó¥B®e³\¥Íªø¯à¶q¶°¤¤§@µß»\ÂX±i©Mµß¬`¤W³¡ªº©µ¦ù¡C
¥ú¹ï¤@¨Ç¤lÅnªGªº¤£¦P²Õ´¥i²£¥Í¤£¦P®ÄÀ³¡C¥ú¨ë¿E¿j¤õµ·µß (Pyronema domesticum) ªº²£¤lÅnµßµ·²ÓM¡B¤lÅn²ÓM©M¤lÅnÌU¤l¦¨¼ô¡CÂù¹ï©Ê²ÓM¡AµL©Ê²Õ´©M¹jµ·¥u»ÝA·L¶q¥ú·Ó®g¡A¦ý¹L«×¥ú·Ó§í¨î³o¨ÇµL©Ê²Õ´©MÅnÌU¤lªº¦¨¼ô (Moore-Landecker, 1979a, b)¡C
¬JµM¤j³¡¥÷¯uµß³£¹ï¥úÃФ¤ªºªñµµ¥~½u©MÂŦâªiªø¦³¤ÏÀ³¡A ¬Û«H¥ú°T¸¹¨üÅé(³QºÙ¬°¯uµß¦â¯À¨t²Î)´N¦b²ÓM½¤¤W (Gressel & Rau, 1983; Durand, 1985;
Kihara & Kumagai,1994)¡CTrione & Leach (1969) ´£¨ú¤@¥H 310 nm¬°³Ì°ª§l¥úªiªøªºª«½è¡A¨ä«á»P¦¹Ãþ¦üªºª«½è¦b¨ä¥L¯uµß³£¦³µo²{¡A¯uµß²£ÌU§l¥ú¦â¯À(mycosporines) ¦P¼Ë¦a¦bÂźñ²Óµß©M´Æ¥Ö°Êª«³£¦³µo²{¡A¥\¯à¬O§l¦¬µµ¥~¥úªº¥ú«OÅ@¾¯¡C
¶À¯À (flavins) ªº§l¥úÃлPÂÅ¥ú¨üÅé¬Û¦ü (Carlile, 1970; Tan, 1978;
Song, 1980)¡A
¦]¦¹¡A
Tschabold (1967) ©M Schmidt (1980) ´ú¸Õ¶À¯À§í¨î¾¯©M®ñ¤Æ¾¯¹ï¥ú¤ÏÀ³ªº¼vÅT(Moore-Landecker, 1983)¡Aµ²ªGµo²{¡G²ÊÁWÌUµß(Neurospora crassa)¬ðÅܺتº¥ú¤ÏÀ³»P¶À¯À¶Ç¹Fªº¥úÁÙì§@¥Î¦³Ãö«Y¡F¤@¦¸ªº¥ú°T¸¹±µ¦¬«á¡A¥ú¤ÏÀ³ªº²Ä¤@¨B¥ï¬O¡Gµv»ÄÆQÁÙì (nitrate reductase) ®ñ¤ÆÁÙì²ÓM¦â¯Àb (cytochrome b) (Muňoz &
Butler, 1975; Klemm & Ninnemann, 1978,1979¡FGressel & Rau,1983¡F German & Ninnemann,
1985)¡AµM«á±À°Ê³s¦êªº®ñ¤ÆÁÙì©P´Á¥hÂX¤j¥úªº«f¿E©M·s³¯¥NÁ¡C®ñ¤ÆÁÙì¤U´åªº¤ÏÀ³¦³¥i¯à²o¯A醌 (quinones) ©M×ô (phenols)¡A ³o¼Ë¡A¥i¸ÑÄÀ¬°¬Æ»ò³\¦h¯uµßªº¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ¤¤³£¥X²{×ô®ñ¤Æ (phenoloxidases) (Ross, 1982a,
b)¡C·íµM¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ²£ª«¬O¦³¦â¯Àªº¡A©Ò¥H¡A³o¬¡©Ê¥i¯à¥Nªí¦³¦âªí¼h¡B¦³¦âÌU¤lªº²£¥Í¡C¥t¥~¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ¶i¦æ®ñ¤Æ§@¥Î (oxidation) ¡A¿n·¥®ø¯Ó¬¡®ñ (active oxygen species)¡A¦b¶Ë¡²Õ´¤W¡A×ô®ñ¤Æ´N¥i¯àt³d«OÅ@§@¥Î¡A¨¾¤î®ñÀ£ (oxidative stress) ¤Þ°_ªº¯}Ãa¡C
·Å«×
¥i»s³y¤l¹êÅ骺·Å«×½d³ò³q±`¤ñ¤ä´©µßµ·¥Íªøªº¸û¯U (Moore-Landecker, 1993) ¡C³\¦h¯uµßªº³Ì©y¤l¹êÅé¥Í²£·Å«×¤w³Q´ú©w¡A¤£¹L¡A¤£¦Pªºµß®è¥i¦³¤£¦Pªº³Ì°ª©M³Ì¨Î·Å«×¡A¦Ó¥B¡A¦b³\¦h±¡ªp¤U¤£¦Pµo¨|¶¥¬qªº¤l¹êÅé¹ï·Å«×ªº¤ÏÀ³¦³ÅܤơC§Ú̱`¥Î§@¹êÅç©Î°Ó·~¥Í²£ªº´XÓ¾á¤l¯uµß¡A¥¦Ìªº°ö´Þ±ø¥ón¥]¬A·Å«×¤U½Õ (©M/©Î¤ñ¸û§CªºCO2¿@«×) (Chang & Hayes, 1978) ¡CÁöµM¦b³o¨Ç¨Ò¤l¤¤¡A ¯u¥¿ªº¾÷¨îÁÙ¥¼ª¾¡A¦ý¦³¥i¯à²o¯A·Å«×±Ó·Pªº³J¥Õ½è¡A¤]¥i¯à¬O¥Íªø¨ü¨ì¤zÂZªºµ²ªG (stress response)¡C³o¨Ã¤£¬O³æ»¡·Å«×¼vÅT¤Æ¾Çªº¤ÏÀ³¡A ¦]¬°¤£¾A¦Xªº·Å«×·|¤Þ°_·î§Îµo¨|¡A¨ü¼vÅTªºµo¨|¹Lµ{¥]¬A¡G»¤µo¤l¹êÅé¡B¤l¹êÅ馨ªø©M¯S©w¥\¯à¡C
³q·
»¤¾Éºc±_¦±¾`»s³y¤À¥ÍÌU¤l»Ýn¤@ªÅ®ð»P¤ôªº¤¶±
(Navarro-Bordonaba & Adams, 1994) ¡C³¡¥÷¸g»¤¾É¦Óªø¥Xªº®ð¥Íµßµ··|¤À¤Æ¦¨¤À¥ÍÌU¤l±ð¡C
¤l¹êÅéµo¨|»Ýn¦³®ñ·s³¯¥NÁ (ÂX¤j¿}»Ã¸Ñ§@¥Î©M¤Tßn»Ä´`Àô¬¡°Ê) ©M±j®ñªº¸Éµ¹¡C¦]¦¹¨}¦nªº³q·»P¦¨¥\¥Í²£¤l¹êÅ馳Ãö«Y¡C
¥|ÌUÌUµß(Neurospora tetrasperma)«h»Ýn§C®ñ (0.5% ®ñ)©ÎµL¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¥h¤À¤Æ²£Ånµ·¡A¦ý¤lÅnªGªº¦¨¼ô´N»Ýn 5% ®ñ©M 1% ¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ (Viswanath-Reddy & Turian,
1975)¡CÁÙ¦³¡A°ªªº¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ«P¶iÂùÌUĨۣµß¬`©µ¦ù¡AµM¦Óµß»\ªºÂX±i´N¦b§Cªº¤G®ñ¤ÆºÒ¤¤µo¥Í (Lambert, 1933; Turner,
1977)¡CTurner (1977) µo²{¡GÂùÌUĨۣ¹ï CO2 ªº¤ÏÀ³³£·|©µ¦ùµß¬`¡F¨äµß»\¡Gµß¬`¤§¤ñ¨Ò¡A¥Ñ¦b CO2 ®Éªº 2.2¡G1 (ÂA«) ©Î 2.4¡G1 (°®«)¡A Åܦ¨·í CO2 »P KOH¤@°_®Éªº 2.6¡G1 (ÂA«) ©Î 3¡G1 (°®«)¡A ¥t¥~¡A CO2¥[³tµß»\ªºÂX±i©M¾áÌU¤l¦¨¼ô¡C¦Ó¥B Le Roux (1968) °O¿ýÂùÌUĨۣ¦b CO2¼vÅT¤U¡A¤U½Õ¨äµßÁ·©MµßÅ誺«¶q¤ñ¨Ò¡A ªí¥ÜµßÁ·ªºµo¨|¨ü¨ì§í¨î¡CTurner (1977) ¤Þz Long & Jacobs (1974) ªºµo²{¡G¥~·½CO2¿@«×¹F22 ©M370 ppm ·|¨ë¿Eµßµ·ªº¥Íªø©Mµßµ·Ã·¯Áªø¶i°ïªÎªº½Æ»\¤g¡A ¥~·½CO2¿@«×¹F340-1,000 ppm·|¨ë¿E¨S¸g®ø¬rªº½Æ»\¤g¤¤µßµ·Ã·¯Áªø¥Xµßµ·§áµ²¡CTurner (1977) ´£Ä³CO2 ªº¼vÅT§ÎºA¥\¯à¬O¦³¥ÍºA·N¸qªº¡F¦o»{¬°¡G¨S¸g®ø¬rªº½Æ»\¤g¦]À³·L¥Íª«¬¡°Ê¦ÓÄÀ©ñCO2 ¡A°ªCO2¿@«×¨ë¿Eµß¬`©µ¦ù©M±NµßÁ·¼ÉÅS¦b¤j®ð¤¤¡C
µõÁ·µßªºÂù®ÖÀç¾iµßµ·¸s¸¨¦b´î¤Ö«eºÝ¥Íªø©M¼W¥[¨È«e³¡¦ìµßµ·ªº¥Íªø¤U§Î¦¨µßµ·§áµ²¡A °ªCO2¿@«×¨ë¿Eªø²ÓMªº²£¥Í¡F¦Ó³q·©M¾A·íªº·Å«×»¤µoµßµ·¨³³tªº¤À¤Æ¡A §Î¦¨µu²ÓM©M¤j¶q¾aªñ©M»E¶°ªº¤ÀªK (Raudaskoski & Viitanen,1982;
Raudaskoski & Salonen,1984)¡C¦]¦¹¡A Raudaskoski & Salonen (1984) ´£¥X¡GµõÁ·µß¬O°¸Ñ¤ì§÷ªº¡A¦Ó©I§l§@¥Î¥Í²£ªº CO2 ¦b¤ì§÷¸Ì¿n»E¡A·íµõÁ·µßµßµ·¥Íªø¨ì¹F¤ì§÷ªºªí±¡A¤j®ðªºCO2¤ô¥¤ñ¸û§C¡A ¦p¦¹¡A µßµ·±N¨³³t¤À¤Æ¡A §Î¦¨µu²ÓM©M¤ÀªK¡A µ²¶°¦¨µßµ·§áµ²¡A ¦³«Ý¾A¦Xªº·Å«×©M·Ó©ú¥h»¤¾É¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¡C
Á`µ²¡A CO2¼vÅT¤l¹êÅ骺µo¨|¡C
Á`¬A¦UºØ¯uµßªº¬ã¨s¡A¥iµo²{¡G¤£¦PÀô¹Ò¦]¼Æ»¤µo¤£¦Pªº°T®§Âà¾É¨t²Î (signal transduction systems)
¡A¦ý¤U´å¦³¦@¦P¸ô®|¡A¥h¶i¦æ¬Y¤@¯S©wªº§ÎºAµo¨|¡C·íµM¡A¤@°T®§/¨ë¿En¹F¨ì¬Y¤@©w¶q (ºÙÁ{¬ÉÈ¡Bthreshold level) ¤~»¤µo¡B¿E¬¡¤U´å¸ô®|ªº¶i¦æ¡A©Î¬O¡A¦P®É¦³¼ÆÓ°T®§/¨ë¿Eªº¦s¦b¡A¦ý¦U¦Û¥¼¹FÁ{¬ÉÈ¡A³oÁ`®Ä¯q¬O»¤µo§ÎºAµo¨|ªºµo¥Í (¾\Chapter
2)¡C
»ïÁ¡G
©Ó»X»·ªF¤Î»´ä°Ï¦@ÀÙ·|¤§µá¸Ê·s¬ã¨sªF¨È¾Ç¬ì°òª÷ªºÃÙ§U¡A¨Ï³o³¡¤¶²Ð¯uµß¥Í²z¡B¥Í¤Æ¡B¿ò¶Ç¡B²ÓM¾Ç¡Bµo¨|©M§ÎºA¤Î¥ÍºAªº¸ê®Æ¥i¥H¤¤¤å¥Xª©¡AµÛªÌ²`PÁ·N! ¯S§O»ïÁÂW. Bro. Peter J. Nunn ¥ý¥Íªº¤ä«ù¡C
The authors are deeply grateful
to The Freemasons¡¦ Fund for East Asian Studies by the District Grand Lodge of
Hong Kong and the Far East, without which this publication would not have been
possible. We are especially grateful to Mr. W. Bro. Peter J. Nunn, District
Grand Secretary of the Fund for the kind support.
°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm Reference
Collins, T. J., B.
M. Moerschbacher & N. D. Read (2001) Synergistic induction of wheat stem
rust appressoria by chemical and topographical signals. Physiological and Molecular
Plant Pathology 58, 259-266.
Moore, D. (1998) Fungal
Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press.
If
you use diagrams or material from this website, we ask you to cite the home
page and authors or the appropriate source publication in your work.