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Deciphering Fungal Morphogenesis

 

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Siu-Wai Chiu & David Moore

 

Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, China

 

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School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U. K.

 

 

 

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Antonius van Leeuwenhoek (1632 ¡V 1732) ©ó17¥@¬öµo©úÅã·LÃè (http://www.utmem.edu/~thjones/hist/c3.htm) ¡A¦ÓÆC°s»Ã¥À (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ´N¬O²Ä¤@ºØ¡u¨£¨ì¡vªº·L¥Íª« (Louis Pasteur, 1822 ¡V 1895) ¡A¥¦¥ç¦¨¬°Ãæ»Ã§Þ³N (fermentation) ªº±ÒÂI¡FÃæ»Ã´N¬O·L¥Íª«§@¥Îªºµ²ªG¡A¯uµß²£ª«¥]¬A¡G­¹¥Î¯uµß¤l¹êÅé¡A³æ²Ó­M³J¥Õ¡B°sºë¡BªÛ¤h¡BÅÖºû¯À¡Bºû¥Í¯Àµ¥¡A¨ä¤¤¡AAspergillus niger ¥Í²£ citric acid¦~¹F500,000 ¤½¾· (Bu¡¦Lock, 1990)¡A°Ó·~¥Í²£ªº¦³¤C¦¨¥H¤W¬O§Q¥Î¯uµßÃæ»Ãªº¡C Buchner (1897) µo²{ÆC°s»Ã¥Àªº²Ó­M´£·Òª«¯à±N¸²µå¿} (glucose) Âà¤Æ¬°¤A¾J (ethanol) ©M¤G®ñ¤Æ¬´ (CO2) ¡A ³þ©w¥Íª«¤Æ¾Çªº°ò¦¡CBeadle & Tatum ©ó 1941¦~§Q¥Î¤G®è²ÊÁW¯ßÌUµß (Neurospora crassa) ªº¥Í¤Æ°ò¦]¬ðÅܵ߮è¡A¦¨¥ß¡u¤@°ò¦]¤@³J¥Õ¡vªº°²³] (one-gene one-protein hypothesis) ¡A³þ©w¤À¤l¿ò¶Ç¾Çªº°ò¦¡CFleming «h©ó1929¦~µo²{Penicillium ¯à¤Àªc§Ü¥Í¯À½L¥§¦èªL¯À (penicillin)¡A³þ©w¯uµß¬°ÂåÃĥΫ~¥]¬A¿E¯À (steroids) ªº¥D­n¥Í²£ªÌ¡CÃþ¯uµß¬Ì¾`µßPhytophthora infestans §ó¤Þ°_¼Ú¬w³­¹µu¯Ê¡A»¤µo²¾¥Á¼é¡A²{®Éµo®i¤¤°ê®a¦~¯Ó US$2.7»õ­Èªº¹A§@ª«(·P¬Vªº°¨¹aÁ¦©M¿»­Xµ¥)¡A´N¬O³o¯f®` (pathogen) ¤Þ°_ªº (http://www.cipotato.org) ¡C ¦ÓÆC°s»Ã¥À§ó¦¨¬°²{¥N²Ó­M¾Ç¡B¯u®Ö¤À¤l¿ò¶Ç¾Ç¡B¯u®Ö°ò¦]¸üÅé¡B¬r²z¾Çµ¥ªº¼Ò«¬¥Íª« (model organism)¡C

¦Ó¥@¬É³Ì¤j«¬ªº©TÅéÃæ»Ã§Þ³N¬O¥Í²£­¹¥Î©MÃĥίuµß (Chiu et al., 2000; Moore & Chiu, 2001)¡A³o¤u¼t¥ç¯à¡y¤Æ¼o¬°Ä_¡z¥h³B²z©TÅé¼o®Æ¡A®ø¯Ó¼o¯È¡B°¨ÁT¡BÂûÁT¡B½_¯óµ¥¼o®Æ¡C

 

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À³¥Î«O¦uªº DNA§Ç¦C (conservative DNA sequence)¡B«O¦uªºÓi°ò»Ä§Ç¦C (amino acid sequence) ¥h¬Ý¯uµßªº¨t²Î¶i¤Æ¡C¦p²Ä¤@²Õªº²¨¤ô³J¥Õ (class I hydrophobins) Ói°ò»Ä§Ç¦C¥i±N¾á¤lµß©M¤lÅnµß¤À¤ä (Wessels, 2000) ¡C¦³¨Ç°ò¦]¬O¦U¯uµß³£¾Ö¦³ªº¡A¦Ó¨äDNA§Ç¦C³£¬O«O¦uªº (conserved) ¡A¦p5.8SrDNA¡C¦p¯à§ä¨ì¤@¤ÀÃþ³æ¦ì (taxon) ªº¤@­P§Ç¦C (consensus sequence) ¡A§ó¥iÀ³¥Î¨ì¿ë§O³o¤ÀÃþ³æ¦ì¤W¡C¦ý¬O¡A³\¦h¯uµß³£¾Ö¦³¬Û¦P¥\¯àªº°ò¦]²£ª«¡A¦ý¥uªí²{³¡¥÷«O¦uªºÓi°ò»Ä§Ç¦C¡A¦p­°¸Ñ¤ì½è¯Àªº¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤£¦P°ò¦]¶i¤Æ³t²v¦U²§¡A¦]¦Ó«Ø¦¨ªº°ò¦]¾ð [gene trees; ¦p 25SrDNAªº°ò¦]¾ð(Http://www.botany.dike.edu/fungi/mycolab/agarical.htm)] ·|§e²{¤£¦Pªº¤À¤ä (clades) ¡C­n¤F¸Ñ¯uµßªº¤ÀÃþ¨t²Î (systematics)¡AÀ³±q¼s¦Ó¦hªº¨¤«×§@¤ñ¸û¡F­Y¯à²`¤J±Ä¥Î¦h·Ç«hªº¤ñ¸û¦Ó²£¥Íªº¤H¤u¤ÀÃþ¨t²Î (systematics) (taxonomy adopts multiple criteria) ¡A´N¤ñ¸û±µªñ¯uµßªº¤ÑµMµo¥Í¨t²Î (phylogeny) ¡C

 

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Ößµß (Plasmodial slime mould¡A myxomycetes)

­ì¥Í½èÅé§t¦h®Ö¦¨­ì½è¹Î (plasmodium) (slimemold.jpg)¡A¨Ã¶i¦æ®Ö½¤¤º¦³µ·¤Àµõ (intranuclear mitosis)¡A¥Í¬¡¥v¦h¥HÂù­¿Å鶥¬q¬°¥D¡C±qÀç¾i¨ìÁc´Þ´Á¡A­ì½è¹ÎÂର¤@­Ó©Î¤@¸s«D²Ó­Mµ²ºcªºÌU¹ÎªG¡A¤º©Îªí­±¬°²£ÌU°Ï°ì¡C¨Ò¡Gµ³ªwµß (Physarum) ¡C¸g±`±Ä¥Î³oÃþ¥Íª«§@¹ï®Ö¦³µ·¤Àµõ¡B§ÎºAµo¨|¡B­ì¥Í½èµ²ºcµ¥ªº¬ì¬ã§÷®Æ¡CÖߵ߱`¨£ªº¥Í¹Ò¬°ªL¤¤³±²DÀã¼íªº¦a¤è©M§CÏqªh¿A¦a¡A°®Àê¨Fºz«h¨u¨£ÖߵߡC³¡¤ÀÖߵ߰£Äá­¹²Óµß¥~¡A¥Í²£Åé¥~¾ý¯»¡Bßn¥Ò°òÅÖºû¯Àµ¥¡A¥ç¬°»G¥Í¥Íª« (Saprotroph) ¡C

ÌU¤l¦b¦³§Q±ø¥ó¤U¡AµÞµo¦¨¤@¦Ü¥|­Ó³æ­¿ªºÖßÅܧÎÅé (myxamoebae) ©Î´å°Ê­M (¨ãÂùÃ@¤ò¡B³æÃ@¤ò©Î¦hÃ@¤ò¡AÖßµßÃ@¤ò§¡¬O¥úÃ@«¬ªº)¡A°²¨¬ (pseudopodium) »q¨ú²Óµß¡B»Ã¥Àµ¥ª«¡A§Î¦¨­¹ª«²Gªw (food vacuole)¡AÖßÅܧÎÅé¶i¦æµL©ÊÁc´Þ¡A¤Àµõ¦¨­¿¼ÆªºÖßÅܧÎÅé©Î´å°Ê­M¡AÖßÅܧÎÅé¦b¤ô¤À¥R¨¬®É¥iªø¥XÃ@¤ò¡A§Î¦¨´å°Ê­M¡A©Î«áªÌ¦b°®ÀêÀô¹Ò¤U·|²æ¤ò¦¨ÖßÅܧÎÅé¡A¨âªÌ³£¬°³æ®Ö³æ­¿Åé¡A¨â­Ó©Ê¿Ë²Ó­M¶i¦æ©Êµ²¦X¡A±µ¦X¤l¶i¦æ¦P¨B®Ö¦³µ·¤Àµõ¡A§Î¦¨¦h®ÖªºÂù­¿Åé­ì½è¹Î¡A¦b¤£¨}Àô¹Ò¤U¡A­ì½è¹Î¥iÂà¤Æ¬°µß®Ö (sclerotium¡F°íµwªº¨¤½èµw¶ô¡A»P¯uµßªº¤£¤@¼Ë) ¶V¹L§xÃø®É´Á¡C·íµ²¹ê®É¡A­ì½è¹ÎÅÜ«p»E¶°¦V¤W©µ¦ù¡A§Î¦¨¤l¹êÅé (sorocarp)¡C¤l¹êÅé§ÎºAµ²ºc¦h¼Ë¡A¥]¬A¡GÌUÅn (sporangium¡F¨C¤@ÌUÅn¥i¦³¥]³Q (peridium) ©M¥­¶êªº°ò³¡ºÙ°ò½è¼h(hypothallus)) ¡BÁpÅnÅé (plasmodiocarp¡FµL¬`ÌUÅnÁpµ²¦¨ªø±øª¬¡A³q±`«O¯d­ì½è¹Îªºµ¸§Î¹³) ¡B½ÆÅnÅé (aethalium¡F³\¦hÌUÅn°ï¶°¥æ´¦b¤@°_¡A¦Óªí­±¦³¤@¦@¦Pªº¥Ö¼hµ²ºc) ¡A¦Ó°²½ÆÅnÅé (pseudoaethalium¡F³\¦hÌUÅn°ï¶°¦b¤@°_¡A¦ýµ²ºc¤£¿Ä¦X¡C

­ì½è¹Î¤]¦³¬O³æ­¿Åé©Î¦h­¿Å骺¡C­ì½è¹Î¥Ñ½è½¤¥]³ò­ì¥Í½è¡A­ì¥Í½è¦³¤£¦PªºÖ߫סA¬y°Ê³¡¤À©M½¦Å鳡¤À¥i¬Û¤¬ºU²V¡A§Î¦¨¨ã¦³¸`«ß©Êªº©¹ªð¹B°Ê¡A¦ÓÅÖµ·±`§Î¦¨¹Î¶°ªººôÅé¡A¦¨¤À¬°¦¬ÁY©Ê³J¥Õ (¦Ù°Ê³J¥ÕÅÖµ·©M¦Ù²y³J¦ÛA)¡A¦]¦Ó¤£Â_Åܧάy°Ê»q§]­¹ª«¡A¨Ï­ì½è¹ÎÁôÂéó¦UÃþ°òª«ªºÁ_»Ø¤¤¬y°Êª¦¦æ¡C

ÌU¤l³q±`¬°²y§Î¡A¦³©úÅã²Ó­M¾À¡A¾À¤W¨ã¯¾¹¢¡AÌUÅn©Î¨ãÌUµ· (capillitium) ¡B°²ÌUµ· (Ån³Qªº¯}¸H©Î¿ò¯d³¡¤À) ©Î¼uµ· (elater¡F¤£³sÌUÅn¥ô¦ó³¡¤À¡A¨ã¼u©Ê¡A¦³ªº¨ã§lÀã©Ê¡AÀH¤j®ðÀã«×ÅܤƧl¦¬©ÎÄÀ¥X¤ô¤À¦Ó²£¥Í°Ê¤O¼u¥XÌU¤l)¡C

 

¨u¦³ªº±H¥ÍÖߵߥÌÂŮڸ~µß Plasmodiophora brassica¡A§Q¥ÎÂùÃ@¦ÓµL²Ó­M¾Àªº´å°ÊÌU¤l¦bªd¤g´M§ä¤Q¦rªá¬ìªº¥ÌÂÅÄÝ (Brassica) ±H¥D¡A·í´å°Ê±µÄ²©M¨Ìªþ¦b®Ú¤ò (root hair)¤W¡A´å°ÊÌU¤l²æÃ@¤ò¡A¦Ó¾ã¹Î­ì¥Í½è¬ï¶i®Ú¤ò¤º¡Aª½±µ§Q¥Î±H¥DªºÀç¾i¡AµM«á¶i¦æ®Ö¤Àµõ¦¨­ì¥Í½è¹Î (ÅܧÎÂÎÅ鶥¬q¡A¯à¦b±H¥D²Ó­M¤º¸»°Ê©MÂಾ)¡A¥¦±NglucobrassicinÂà¤Æ¬°´Óª«¿E¯À IAA (indoleacetic acid)¡A¨ë¿E®Ú¸~¤j¦¨½F(gall formation) ¡A­Y¶i¦æ¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¡A°t¤l°t¦X«á¡A§Î¦¨´å°ÊÌU¤lÅn¡A¦bÄÀ©ñ´å°ÊÌU¤l«á¡AÄòÄ~¤J«I¨ä¥L²Ó­M¡C

 

¯uµß©MÃþ¯uµß¥Íª«³£¦³³¡¤À²£¥Í¨ãÃ@¤òªº´å°ÊÌU¤l¡A²ÎºÙÃ@¤òµß (mastigomycetes) ¡CÂùÃ@«¬ªº¬°¡G¤@ªø¤@µuªºÃ@¤ò¡A§ÀÃ@¬OªøÃ@¤ò¡A¨ä¤U³¡¬°»øª½¦Ó¤W³¡¬X³n (posterior smooth)¡A«eÃ@¬°¯ñÃ@ (anterior tinsel)¡FÃ@¤ò°¼¥Í³\¦h¯ñ¤ò¡C¦p¡G§Zµß (oomycetes)¡C¤S©Î¬Oµ¥ªøªº¡C

 

§Zµß (oomycetes)

§ZµßªºµL©ÊÁc´Þ¬O§Î¦¨´å°ÊÌU¤lÅn (zoosporangium)¡CºÞÅéµßµ·µL¤À¹j¡A²Ó­M¾À¦³ÅÖºû¯À¡A(¦]ªñ¦ü´Óª«¡A³QºÙ¬°¡uĦª¬µß¡v©Î¡uĦµß¡v) ¡A·í©Ê¿Ë©Mªº¨â­Ó´å°ÊÌU¤lµ²¦X¡A²£¥ÍÂù­¿Åé®Öªº¦X¤l¡A¨Ãµo®i¦¨Âù­¿Åéµßµ·¡C ¦¨¼ô®É¦³ÂçZ¾¹ (oogonium) ©M¶¯¾¹ (antheridium) ¡A·í¨â©Ê¾¹©x¥æ±µ©M¨üºë«á¡AÂçZ¾¹¥¥¨|«p¾Àªº§ZÌU¤l (oospores) (oomycetes.jpg)¡C¨Ò¡G³½¾` (Saprolegnia ferax) ¡Bªå­a¥Õù×µß (Albugo candida) µo¥Í¦b¥Õµæ (¤Q¦rªá¬ì´Óª«¡A crucifer)¤W¡B¬Ì¾`µß (Phytophthora infestans) ¤Þ¨È°¨¹aÁ¦±ß¬Ì¯f (late blight disease of potato)¡C

§Zµß¯S¼x¬° (Carlie & Watkinson, 1994; Moore-Landecker, 1996; Alexopoulous et al., 1996)¡G

1.      ²Ó­M¾À³J¥Õ¦³²ã®ò»Ä²B (hydroproline in wall protein) ¡F

2.      ²ÉÅ骺¶W·L§ÎºA¬°ºÞª¬¯á (mitochondrial cristae tubular) ¡F

3.      ²Ó­M¾À¦h¿}§tÅÖºû¯À (cellulose in wall polysaccharide) ¡F

4.      ¿à®ò»Äªº¦X¦¨¸g¤G®ò©°¤G»Ä (lysine biosynthesis via diaminopimelic acid) ¡F

5.      ¤@¯ñ¤@¥úÂùÃ@«¬´å°ÊÌU¤l (biflagellate zoospores; an anterior tinsel flagellum and a posterior smooth flagellum) ¡C

 

°¨¹aÁ¦¬O¦è¤è¤H¤hªº¥D­n­¹Â³¡A¦ý¬Ì¾`µßPhytophthora infestans ªº·P¬V¡A¥O±H¥D (°¨¹aÁ¦©M¿»­Xµ¥) ¼ìÄê¡B°_´³©M¬\¦º¡A¸­¤ùµo¾`©M°¨¹aÁ¦Á¦¶ô»GÄê¡A¹A§@ª«ªº¥¢¦¬¤Þ°_¼Ú¬w³­¹µu¯Ê¡A»¤µo¥_¬ü²¾¥Á¼é¡C²{®Éµo®i¤¤°ê®a¦~¯Ó US$2.8»õ­Èªº¹A§@ª« (·P¬Vªº°¨¹aÁ¦©M¿»­Xµ¥) ¡A´N¦]¬°³o¯f­ìµß (pathogen) ¤Þ°_ªº°¨¹aÁ¦±ß¬Ì¯f (http://www.cipotato.org) ¡C³o¯f®`ªº®Úªv«D±`§xÃø¡A¯f­ìµß¹ï±þµß¾¯²£¥Í§Ü©Ê (resistance) ©M¨ä°ª¿ò¶Ç²§½è (genetic heterogeneity) ¦³Ãö¡A¨ä¤¤¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¬O¥Í­nªº¾÷¨î¡C1845¦~¥N¼Ú¬w¡B¥_¬ü¬w©M«D¬w¥uµoA1¥æ°t«¬µß®è¡Aª½¦Ü 1976-1977±q¾¥¦è­ô²î¹B¨ì¼Ú¬wªº°¨¹aÁ¦¡A³£¬O±aµßªº¡F¨üA2¥æ°t«¬¬Ì¾`µß·P¬Vªº¡C¥t¥~¡A¦³®ÄªºµL©ÊÁc´Þ¡Gµo¯fªº´Ó®è¸­¤ù¤Wªøº¡¬Ì¾`µßªºÌU¤lÅn±ð¡AÀH­·©Î¦Ó¤ôÄÀ©ñªºÌU¤lÅn´²¸¨¦b´Ó®èªº¨ä¥L¦ì¸m¡Bªd¤g¤W©M¨ä¥L´Ó®è¤W¡AÌU¤lÅnµÞµo¡AÄÀ©ñµL¼Æ´å°ÊÌU¤l­Y¹J¶ô²ô (tuber)¡A«hªø¦¨µßµ·¡A¦¨¬°±aµßªÌ¡C­Y¹J±H¥D¡A«hÂX´²·P¬V¡C

 

Chytridomycetes ³ýµß

³ýµß¨ã«á¥Í³æÃ@¤òªº´å°ÊÌU¤l©Î°t¤l¡A¤ÀÅé²£ªG (§YÌU¤lÅn)©Î¾ãÅé²£ªG¡A¨ã°²®Ú (rhizoids)¡A²Ó­M¾À¦³´X¤B½è¡A»G¥Í¡B±H¥Í©M¦@¥ÍªºÀç¾i¼Ò¦¡³£¦³¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªº¯uµß¬O¦n®ñªº¡A¦ý¦³¨Ç¦@¥Í¦b¤û¦Ï®ø¤Æ¨t²Îªº¯uµß¬O³ýµß¡A«hªø´Á¥Í¬¡¦b¯Ê®ñÀô¹Ò¤U¡C¨e­Ì§Q¥Î´å°ÊÌU¤l¦b®ø¤Æ²G¤¤²¾°Ê¡A¹ï©³ª«(¤û¦Ï¦Y¶iªº½_¯ó) §@¦hÂI (multifoci) ±µÄ²¡A©T©w©MµÞµoµßµ·¡A¤ÀªcÅé¥~®ø¤Æ (¥]¬A¤û¦Ï¤£»s³yªºÅÖºû¯À)§@¦hÂI­°¸Ñ¡AÄÀ¥~Àç¾i¡A¦ÓÀH®ø¤Æª«ªº²¾°Ê¡A³ýµß²£¥Í«p¾ÀÌU¤l§@µL©ÊÁc´Þ¡AÀHÁT«KÂ÷¶}¤û¦Ï±¼¸¨¦b¦a¤W¡B¸­¤W¡A¶i¤J¥ð¯v´Á¡F¥t¥~¡A´Ý¯dªºµ·ª¬³ýµß³Ì²×·|³Q¤û¦Ïªº®ø¤Æ²G¿Ä¸Ñ¡A¥ç¦¨¬°¤û¦Ïªº³J¥Õ·½¡C³oÃþ¹½®ñ¯uµß(Anaerobic fungi) ªºµo²{¡A¤£¦ýµý©ú¯uµßªº¥Í¹Ò (habitat) ©M²Óµßªº¤@¼Ë¿ñÁï¡A¦Ó¥B¯uµß»P°Êª«¥i¬O¤¬§Q¦@¥Íªº (symbiosis)  (http://www.botany.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi/)¡C

¤ô¥Íªº³ýµß²§¤ô¾` (Allomyces) ²£¥Í³æÃ@¤òªº»Û©M¶¯°Ê°t¤l¡A ÁaµM¥¦­Ì·½¦Û¬Û¦Pªº³æ­¿Åé¦]¦Ó¦³¬Û¦Pªº°ò¦]«¬¡C¨º¨Ç»Û°t¤l©M°t¤lÅn²£¥Í»¤¶¯¿E¯À (sirenin) ¡A ¥O¶¯°t¤lªí²{±j¯PªºÁͦV¦æ¬°¡C³oÁͤƲ{¶H (chemotaxis) ¾É­P²Ó­M±µÄ²¡A¤Þ°_²Ó­M½è¿Ä¦X¡C

 

Zygomycetes ±µ¦X¯uµß

±µ¦X¯uµß¬OµLÃ@¤òªº¡Aµßµ·¬OµL¹jºÞª¬ªº¡A¦³©ÊÁc´Þ³z¹L¨â­Óµ¥¿nªº°t¤lÅn±µ¦X¡AµM«á§Î¦¨±µ¦XÌU¤lÅn¤¤ªº¤j³¡¤À®Ö·|°h¤Æ¡A¥u¦³¤@¹ï (¬Û«H¬O²§·½ªº) ·|®Ö¿Ä¦X (karyogamy) ¡Aµo®i¦¨Âù­¿Å骺±µ¦XÌU¤l¡AµÞµo«e«á·|¦³´î¼Æ¤Àµõ©M¦³µ·¤Àµõ¡A©Ò¥HµÞµoªºµßµ·¬O³æ­¿Å骺¡CµL©ÊÁc´Þ²£¥ÍÌU¤lÅn (zygomycete.jpg)¡C¦p¡G®Ú¾` (Rhizopus)¡B¤ò¾` (Mucor)¡B¤ô¥É¾` (Pilobolus) ¡C

µßµ·Åé§Î¦¨°²®Ú (rhizoids) ©T©ó©³ª«¤W¡A½¯µ· («m°Ëµ·; stolon) ¾î¨«Ápµ²°²®Ú¡A®ð¥ÍÌUÅn±ð (sporangiophore) ©M ±µ¦X¤l±ð¡A«áªÌ¥X²{ÁͤƲ{¶H(chemotaxis)¡A¦³®Äª«¬°¤TÌU¤l»Ä (trisporic acid)¡C

¤ô¥É¾`§eÁÍ¥ú©Ê (phototropism) ¡C¤ô¥É¾`¥Í©ó¯ó­¹°Êª«ªºÁT«K¤W¡A¶Â¦âÌU¤lÅn¤U³¡¿±¤jºÙÌUÅn¤Uªw¡A§Q¥Î¤ôµÈ¤O (turgor pressure) ±N¦¨¼ôÌU¤lÅn¾ã­Ó±q±ð¤W±j¤O®g¥X¡A¹³ÂY²y¯ë¡A¦ÓÌU¤lÅn¤Wªº´¹Åé¥OÌU¤lÅn­°¸¨®É¹J©³ª«¥´ºu¡AÂà±Nªþ¦³Åé²Gªº¤@­±¨c©T¦a¨Ìªþ¦b©³ª«¤W¡C

·í¤ò¾` (Mucor) ¹J¨ì¿Ë©Mªº¥æ°t«¬µßµ·®É¡MÌUÅn±ðªº¥Íªø¨üÀ£¨î¡A¦Ó©Ê¤À¤Æ«hµo¥Í(¥]¬A»s³y©Êµßµ· (±µ¦X¤l±ð)ªººc³y)¡A µßµ·¦V©¼¦¹¥Íªø¡B±µ¦X¡B¿Ä¦X¦Ó§Î¦¨°t¤lÅn¡C±µ¦X¤l±ðªº«Ø¿v¥Ñ¤TÌU¤l»Ä (trisporic acid) ¨M©w¡F¦p±N¤TÌU¤l»Ä²K¥[¦Ü¯ÂºØ¡B¥¼¥æ°tªº°ö¾i¤¤¡A µßµ·¥Í²£±µ¦X¤l±ð¥h¨ú¥NÌUÅn±ð¡C

 

°ª¯Å¯uµß

¤lÅnÌU¤l (ascospores) ¬O¤ºÌU¤lÃþ (endospore) (pleomorphism.jpg)¡A¦ý¾áÌU¤l (basidiospores) ¬O¥~ÌU¤lÃþ (exospore) ¡A¥Ñ¾á¤l±ð (sterigmata) ¤ä¼µ (basidiomycetes.jpg)¡C

¤lÅnµß (ascomycetes; the sac fungi) ¥i²¤À¬°³æ²Ó­Mªº»Ã¥À (hemiascomycetes)  ©Mµ·½uª¬Ãþ (euascomycetes)¡A«áªÌ©Î¾Ö¦³½ÆÂø¦Ó¤j«¬ªº¤lÅnªG (ascocarp)¡A¬Æ¦Ü½ÆªG (stroma)¡AµÛ¦Wªº¤lÅnµß¦pÆC°s»Ã¥À (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ¡BªQÅSµß (truffle, Tuber spp.) ¡B¦Ï¨{µß (Morchella spp.) ¡B ÂίóÄÝ (Cordyceps spp.) µ¥ ¡C¥¦­Ìªº¯S¼x¬O¥H¡uÅn¡v(ascus)©Ó¸ü©ÊÌU¤l (ascospores belonging to meiospores)ascocarps.jpg¡C

 

ÆC°s»Ã¥À (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ªº¥æ°t©M¥Í¬¡¥v¡G©Ê¿Ë©Mªº³æ­¿Åé¿Ä¦X¦¨ ¥ §Î(dumbell-shaped) ªº±µ¦X¤l(zygote) ¡A¦bÀç¾iÂ×´I¤U¡AÂù­¿Åé¶i¦æµL©ÊÁc´Þ¡AµÞªÞ¦¨¯ÂÅé¨t²Ó­M°ï (clone) ¡C¨ìÄȯî®É¡AÂù­¿Åé¶i¦æ´î¼Æ¤Àµõ (meiosis)¡A¦¨¤@¥|ÌU¤lªº¤lÅn (ascus)¡C¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¬õ¦±µß(Monascus purpureus) ¦b¤£¦Pªº°ö¾i©³ª«¤U¡A«Ü§Ö«K§â¥~·½¸²µå¿}¯ÓºÉ¡AµM«á¦b°ö¾i²~¤º¥i§ä¨ì¦³©Ê (cleistothecium) ©MµL©ÊªºÁc´Þµ²ºc¡C¤lÅnÌU¤l (ascospore) ªºµÞ°Ê¾aµÞªÞ¡A³æ­¿Åé¦b¹êÅç«Ç¤U¶i¦æ¦³µ·¤Àµõ¦¨³æ­¿¯ÂÅé¡C¬JµM©Ê¿Ë©Mªº³æ­¿Åé¦b¦ÛµMÀô¹Ò¤U¥ß§Y¥æ°t¡A³æ­¿Å鶥¬q«D±`¿@ÁY¡C¦ÓÂù­¿Åé©M³æ­¿Å骺µL©Ê¥Í´Þ¾aµÞªÞ(budding) (polar&sphericalgrowth.jpg)¡C                   

 

¤lÅnªº§Î¦¨( asciinascocarps.jpg): »Û©Ê©M¶¯©Êµ²ºc¶¡ªº¥æ°t©Î¨â©Êªºµßµ·¿Ä¦X¾É­P¡G¶¯©Ê²Ó­M®Ö¾E²¾¨ì»Û©Ê²Ó­M§Î¦¨²£ÅnÅé¡A·í¤¤»Û²Ó­M®Ö©M¶¯²Ó­M®Ö°t¹ï¦ý¤£¿Ä¦X(Âù®Ö´Á)¡A²£ÅnÅéªø¥X²£Ånµ·¡A¤j³¡¥÷²Ó­M«O«ù³oÂù®Öª¬ºA(dikaryotic¡F®Ö°t¹ïÀHµßµ·¥Íªø¦Ó¶i¦æ¦@¦P¤Àµõ (conjugate division) ¡A¨å«¬ªºµo¨|±¡ªp¬O¡G²£Ånµ·Ås¦±¦¨¤@­Ó²£Ånµ· (crozier) ¡A®Ö¿Ä¦Xµo¥Í¦b¤õµ·µß(Pyronema) ªº²£Ånµ·Ås³¡²Ó­M¡A¦ý Neotiella²£Ånµ·ªº¥½ºÝ²Ó­M©M¬`²Ó­M¿Ä¦XµM«á¶i¦æ®Ö¿Ä¦X¡Aµo¨|¦¨¤lÅn¡C²£Ånµ·¤ºªºÂù®Ö¦P®É¤Àµõ¬°4­Ó®Ö¡A©M§Î¦¨2­Ó¹j½¤¡Aºc¦¨3­Ó²Ó­M¡G²£Ånµ·Ås³¡²Ó­M¬OÂù®Ö¦Ó¨ä¾l²Ó­M¬O³æ®Öªº¡AÂù®Ö²Ó­Mµo¨|¦¨¤lÅn¥À²Ó­M¥h¶i¦æ®Ö¿Ä¦X(karyogamy) ¡A¤lÅn§¹¦¨´î¼Æ¤Àµõ²£¥Í4­Ó³æ­¿Åé¤l®Ö,­Y¦A¶i¦æ¦³µ·¤Àµõ¡A¤lÅn¤º«K¦³ 8 ­Ó¤lÅnÌU¤l¡C

 

¾á¤lµß (basidiomycetes; the club fungi)

¾á¤lµßªº©Ê²Ó­M¦p®±ÀYª¬¡AºÙ¾á¤l (basidium) ¡C¾á¤l¥i§¹¾ãµL¤À¹j (holobasidium) ©Î¦³¤À¹j (²§¾á¤l¡Aheterobasidium)¡A¦Ó¤À¹j¥i¾î©Î¯uªº¡C¦p¤lÅnµß¤@¼Ë¡A¾ã­Ó­ÓÅ鬰¤@©Ê²Ó­M¡Aµßµ·Åé¤W¦³©Ê²Ó­M¡A¤S©Î»s³y¦h²Ó­M¤l¹êÅé¦W¾á¤lªG¡C¦p¤lÅnµß¤@¼Ë¡A¦h²Ó­M¤l¹êÅé³£¥X²{¦h¼Ë¤Æªº«Ø¿v (basidiomepolymorphism.jpg)¡C

¾á¤lªº§Î¦¨(basidiomycetes.jpg)¡G¨å«¬ªºµL¹j¾á¤l·½©ó¤@Âù®Öµßµ·ªº³»ºÝ²Ó­M¡A ³o²Ó­M¿±¤j©M¶i¦æ®Ö¿Ä¦X©M´î¼Æ¤Àµõ meiosis¡A ¦b´î¼Æ¤Àµõªº«á´Á¡A ¾á¤l³»ºÝªø¥X4­Ó¾áÌU¤l±ð¡A¾áÌU¤l±ð¤ä¼µ¿±¤j¥Íªøªº¾áÌU¤l¡A (¾á¤lµß¥Í²£¥~¥ÍÌU¤l, ¤lÅnµß«h¥Í²£¤º¥ÍÌU¤l) ¡A ¾á¤l¤ºªº¤l®Ö¸g¾áÌU¤l±ð¶i¤J¾áÌU¤l¡A¦Ó¥B¡A©Î·|¦b¾áÌU¤l¼u®g«e¶i¦æ¤@¦¸¦³µ·¤Àµõ¡C±N¾á¤l»P¤lÅn¤ñ¸û¡A«Ü®e©ö²q´ú²£Ånµ·©M¾á¤l»PÂꪬÁp¦X¦³¶i¤ÆªºÃö«Y (Chiu & Moore, 1999)¡C

¾á¤lªG§e²{¦h¼Ë©Ê¡A¦³¦×½è³Êµß (Agaric mushroom)¡B¬r¿¸(toadstool) ¡B¦h¤Õµß(polypore)¡B ¾¦ª¬¤j«¬¯uµß (toothed (hynoid) mushroom)¡B ¤Õª¬¦«¬[µß (poroid bracket)¡B µw´ßµL®Ö­¹¥Îµß (encrusting (resupinate) fruit body)  ©M°­µ§ (stinkhorn)µ¥¡C¾á¤lµß¤¤ªº³Êµß(agaric) ©M¦h¤Õµß (polypore) ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé (hymenophore) ªºµ²ºc¦³¤À§Obasidiome&hymenophore¡A¦h¤Õµßªº¤Õ¤º³ò´N¬O¤l¹ê¼h¡A ¤Õ¶¡ªº²Õ´³QºÙ¬°¹j½¤©ÎµßÅè¡A³Êµß«h¥HµßÁ·§Î¦¡¥X²{¡A¦p¡G³Êµß¦Ç»\°­³Ê(Coprinus cinereus) ¥Í²£¦³¬`¾á¤lªG©MµßÁ·ª¬ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé¡F³Êµß»Èµ·¯óÛ£(Volvariella bombycina) ¥Í²£¦³¬`©M¦³©³®yªº¦×½è¾á¤lªG©MµßÁ·ª¬ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé¡F¤ÕµßÁ¡Ãä¸ÁºÛµß(Hexagonia tennis) ¥Í²£µL¬`¾á¤lªG©M¤Õª¬ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé¡A¦ý¬O¡A¦h¤Õµß»ñ§ÀÛ£(Pleurotus pulmonarius) ¥Í²£°¼µß¬`ªº¦×½è¾á¤lªG©MµßÁ·ª¬ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé¡A­¹¥Î­»Û£¤]¬O¦h¤Õµß¦ýªí²{µßÁ·ª¬ªº¤l¹ê¼hÅé¡C

 

§Ú­Ì¤é±`­¹¥Îªº¤j«¬¯uµß¦hÄݾá¤lµß©M¤lÅnµßÃþ (http://www.hri.ac.uk/isms/page3.htm)¡C ¤H¤u®â°öĨۣªº¥Í²£¹Lµ{¥i°Ñ¾\ www.oldkingdom.org¡C

 

¥bª¾µß (deuteromycetes, impertect fungi, mitosporic fungi, mitotic fungi)

¥bª¾µß§Y¤£§¹¥þ¯uµß (imperfect fungi) ¡A¨e­Ìªº¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¬Ò¤£¸Ô©Î¥¼³Qµo²{¡A±`¨£¥bª¾µß¥i°Ñ¦Ò Dr. David Mallochªººô­¶¡G http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/¨ì Lab page ¥Î ¬Ýmoulds: isolation, cultivation and identification¡C¨ì«á¨Ó§ä¨ì¤F¨ä¦³©ÊÁc´Þ¶¥¬q¡A³q±`³£«O¯dµL©Ê¥Í´Þ´Áªº¬ì¾Ç¦WºÙ¡A¥Hªí©ú¨ä¨Ï¥Î©ÎÆ[¹î¶¥¬qªº¯S¼x¡C¤@§¹¥þ (perfect) ¯uµß§Y¾Ö¦³¦³©Ê (teleomorph; sexual stage, perfect stage) ©MµL©Ê¥Í´Þ¶¥¬q (anamorph, mitotic stage) ¡C¦p¡G³\¦hµL©Ê¥Í´Þªº(anamorphic) ¦±¾` (Aspergillus) ©M«C¾` (Pencillium) ªº¦³©Ê¥Í´Þ¶¥¬q (teleomorph)¡A¬OÄÝ©ó Eurotium ªº¡C

ÁöµM¥bª¾µß¥u¥Í²£ÌU¤l§@µL©ÊÁc´Þ¡A¨e­Ì¦³¨Ç·|§Î¦¨¦h²Ó­Mªº¤À¥ÍÌU¤l¾¹©x (conidioma)¡B¤À¥ÍÌU¤l±ð (conidiophore) ©M²³æ¤À¥ÍÌU¤l (conidium)µ¥¡A¤À¥ÍÌU¤l¥i¥H¬O³æ²Ó­M©Î¦h²Ó­Mªº¡CÁ`¤§¡A²£ÌU¹Lµ{ (conidiogenesis) ·¥¨ã¤ÀÃþ·N¸q (aspergillus_reproductions )¡C

 

¯f®`¥bª¾µß°²µ·»Ã¥À (Candida albicans) ¤Þµoªº¶Ç¬V¯f¬O¬Û¹ï·Å©Mªº¡A¥¦¥»ÄÝ©ó¤HÅ骺¥¿±`·L¥Íª« (normal flora) ¡A¥u¬O§K¬Ì¨t²Î¦³¤ò¯f (immunocompromised) ©Mªø´ÁªA¥Î¼sÃÐ(broad spectrum)§Ü¥Í¯Àªº¯f¤H¡A·|¥X²{¥þ¨­¥Ö½§Å~¡A¦]¦¹¡A°l´M¨S°Æ§@¥Î¦Óªø®Äªº§Üµß¯À«K§e²{°Ó¾÷¡C¦ý³oÃþ¬ã¨s¬O§xÃøªº¡A¦]¬°°²µ·»Ã¥À¬OµL©Êªº¡BÂù­¿Å骺©M¦³¤£±`³Wªº±K½X¤l¥Îªk (codon usage)  (http://www-sequence.standord.edu/group/candida/)¡C°²µ·»Ã¥À¥X²{¦hºA²{¶H (pleomorphism) (pleomorphism.jpg) ¡A¥]¬A¡G»Ã¥À (yeast)¡B«p¾ÀÌU¤l (chlamydospores)¡Bµßµ· (true hyphae) ©M°²µßµ· (pseudohyphae)¡C

°²µ·»Ã¥À¦b»Ã¥À´Á®É¥HµoªÞ (budding) §@¼W´Þ¡A¯uµßµ·°¼¥H³»ºÝ¥Íªø (apical extension)¡B§Î¦¨¹j½¤ (septation) ©M¤À§Á (branching) §@¼W´Þ¡C°²µßµ·«h¥H³æ¤@·¥©Ê§@µoªÞ (unipolar budding) ¡AµM«á¤l²Ó­M©µªø¡A«O«ù»P¥À²Ó­M¦ê³s¡A©MÄ~ÄòµoªÞ¡C«p¾ÀÌU¤l (chlamydospores)¥Í©ó°²µßµ·¡C¦å²M (serum) ¬O¥D­n¨ë¿E (stimuli)/°T®§ (signals) »¤µoµßµ·ªº§ÎºAµo¨| (Ernst, 2000) ¡A¦³®Äª«¥i¯à¬O¦å²M³J¥Õ­°¸Ñª«¡G ¤A¸²¿}Ói (N-acetylglucosamine¡A¥¦¬O´X¤B½èªº³æÅé; ¹Ï chitin.ppt) ©M²ã®ò»Ä (proline) ¡A©M¤HÅé·Å«× 37˚C¡C¥t¥~¡A¤¤©Ê pH ­È¡B¯Ê´á¡B¥]Âà (embedded) ª¬ºAµ¥³£¬O¦³®Äªº»¤µoµßµ·§ÎºAµo¨|ªº°T®§¡C³o¨Ç°T®§³£¿E¬¡¿E (kinases) ¡A¦A¦ÓÁC»Ä¤ÆÂà¿ý¦]¤l (transcription factors) ¡A¤Þ°_³sÂꪺ¤ÏÀ³¡C³o¨ÇÂà¿ý¦]¤lªº¥Ø¼Ð°ò¦]¥]¬A»s³y²Ó­M¾À³J¥Õªº°ò¦] (¦p¡GHYR1¡BALS3¡BHWP1 ©M ECE1) µ¥(Ernst, 2000) ¡C

°Ñ¦Ò¤åÄm

 

Http://www.keil.ukans.edu/~fungi/fteach.html

Http://www.bcc.orst.edu/bot461;

Http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html

Http://ww.herb.lsa.umich.edu/kidpage

Http://fp.bio.utk.edu/mycology

Http://www.botany.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi/

Dao, D. N., R. H. Kessin & H. L. Ennis (2000) Developmental cheating and the evolutionary biology of Dictyostelium and Myxococcus. Microbiology 146, 1501-1512.

Ernst, J. F. (2000) Transcription factors in Candida albicans ¡V environmental control of morphogenesis. Microbiology 146, 1763-1774.

Hawksworth, D. L. (1997) The fascination of fungi: exploring fungal diversity. The Mycologist 11,18-22.

Moore, J. A. (1993) Science As a Way of Knowing. The Foundations of Modern Biology. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Moore, D. (1998) Fungal Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press.

 

 

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