21st Century Guidebook to Fungi, SECOND EDITION, by David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P. J. Trinci

Table of Contents

1. Chapter 6: Structure and synthesis of fungal cell walls
2. Chapter 7: From the haploid to the functional diploid; homokaryons, heterokaryons, dikaryons and compatibility
   1. Compatibility and the individualistic mycelium
   2. Formation of heterokaryons
   3. Breakdown of a heterokaryon
   4. The dikaryon
   5. Vegetative compatibility
   6. Biology of incompatibility systems
   7. Gene segregation during the mitotic division cycle
   8. Parasexual cycle
   9. Cytoplasmic segregations: mitochondria, plasmids, viruses and prions
   10. Chapter 7 References and further reading
   11. Buy a PDF of Chapter 7
3. Chapter 8: Sexual reproduction: the basis of diversity and taxonomy

Chapter 7.10 References and further reading

Alberti, S., Halfmann, R., King, O., Kapila, A. & Lindquist, S. (2009). A systematic survey identifies prions and illuminates sequence features of prionogenic proteins. Cell, 137: 146-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.044.

Bärlocher, F. (2007). Molecular approaches applied to aquatic hyphomycetes. Fungal Biology Reviews, 22: 19-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2007.02.003.

Bidard, F., Clavé, C. & Saupe, S.J. (2013). The transcriptional response to nonself in the fungus Podospora anserina. G3, Genes, Genomes, Genetics, 3: 1015-1030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.113.006262.

Bleykasten-Grosshans, C., Friedrich, A. & Schacherer, J. (2013). Genome-wide analysis of intraspecific transposon diversity in yeast. BMC Genomics, 14: 399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-399.

Bleykasten-Grosshans, C. & Neuvéglise, C. (2011). Transposable elements in yeasts. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 334: 679-686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.05.017.

Burton, K.S. & Deakin, G. (2021). Viral diseases of Agaricus bisporus, the Button Mushroom. In: Encyclopedia of Virology, 4th Edition, vol. 4, (eds D.H. Bamford & M. Zuckerman). Pp. 528-533. Oxford: Academic Press. Hardcover ISBN: 9780128145159, eBook ISBN: 9780128145166.

Borodynko, N., Hasiów-Jaroszewska, B., Rymelska, N. & Pospieszny, H. (2010). La France disease of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus in Poland. Acta Virologica, 54: 217-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4149/av_2010_03_217.

Daskalov, A., Paoletti, M., Ness, F. & Saupe, S.J. (2012). Genomic clustering and homology between HET-S and the NWD2 STAND protein in various fungal genomes. PLoS ONE, 7: e34854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034854.

Daskalov, A., Heller, J., Herzog, S., Fleißner, A. & Glass, N. (2017). Molecular mechanisms regulating cell fusion and heterokaryon formation in filamentous fungi. In: The Fungal Kingdom, (eds J. Heitman, B. Howlett, P. Crous, E. Stukenbrock, T. James & N.A.R. Gow), pp. 215-229. Washington, DC: ASM Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0015-2016. VIEW on Amazon.

Deakin, G., Dobbs, E., Bennett, J.M., Jones, I.M., Grogan, H.M. & Burton, K.S. (2017). Multiple viral infections in Agaricus bisporus - characterisation of 18 unique RNA viruses and 8 ORFans identified by deep sequencing. Scientific Reports, 7: article number 2469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01592-9.

Fichtner, L., Jablonowski, D., Frohloff, F. & Schaffrath, R. (2003). Phenotypic analysis of the Kluyveromyces lactis killer phenomenon. In: Non-Conventional Yeasts in Genetics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, one of the Springer Lab Manuals, (eds K.Wolf, K. Breunig & G. Barth), pp. 179-183. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55758-3_28. VIEW on Amazon.

Fiddy, C. & Trinci, A.P.J. (1976). Mitosis, septation and the duplication cycle in Aspergillus nidulans. Journal of General Microbiology, 97: 169-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-97-2-169.

Frost, R.R. & Passmore, E.L. (1980). Mushroom viruses: a re-appraisal. Journal of Phytopathology, 98: 272-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1980.tb03742.x.

Fuchs, F., Prokisch, H., Neupert, W. & Westermann, B. (2002). Interaction of mitochondria with microtubules in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa. Journal of Cell Science, 115: 1931-1937. URL: http://jcs.biologists.org/content/115/9/1931.abstract.

Glass, N.L., Jacobson, D.J. & Shiu, P.K.T. (2000). The genetics of hyphal fusion and vegetative incompatibility in filamentous ascomycete fungi. Annual Review of Genetics, 34: 165-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.165.

Gregory, T.R., Nicol, J.A., Tamm, H., Kullman, B., Kullman, K., Leitch, I.J., Murray, B.G., Kapraun, D.F., Greilhuber, J. & Bennett, M.D. (2007). Eukaryotic genome size databases. Nucleic Acids Research, 35: D332-D338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl828.

Halfmann, R., Jarosz, D.F., Jones, S.K., Chang, A., Lancaster, A.K. & Lindquist, S. (2012). Prions are a common mechanism for phenotypic inheritance in wild yeasts. Nature, 482: 363-368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10875.

Hall, C., Welch, J., Kowbel, D.J. & Glass, N.L. (2010). Evolution and diversity of a fungal self/nonself recognition locus. PLoS ONE, 5: e14055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014055.

Hausner, G. (2003). Fungal mitochondrial genomes, plasmids and introns. Applied Mycology and Biotechnology, 3: 101-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-5334(03)80009-6.

Heitman, J. (2015). Evolution of sexual reproduction: a view from the fungal kingdom supports an evolutionary epoch with sex before sexes. Fungal Biology Reviews, 29: 108-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2015.08.002.

Jang, H.S., Hong, Y.J., Choi, H.W., Song, H., Byun, S.J., Uhm, S.J., Seo, H.G. & Doet, J.T. (2016). Changes in parthenogenetic imprinting patterns during reprogramming by cell fusion. PLoS ONE, 11: article e0156491. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156491.

King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B. & Lefkowitz, E.J. (eds) (2012). Fungal Prions. In: Virus Taxonomy, Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, pp. 1235-1245. San Diego: Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00108-7. VIEW on Amazon.

Kotta-Loizou, I. (2019). Mycoviruses: past, present, and future. Viruses, 11 (4): article 361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040361 (an open access special issue of the journal on Mycoviruses).

Kruzel, E.K. & Hull, C.M. (2010). Establishing an unusual cell type: how to make a dikaryon. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 13: 706-711. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2010.09.016.

Kuhn, G., Hijri, M. & Sanders, I.R. (2001). Evidence for the evolution of multiple genomes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature, 414: 745-748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/414745a.

Maheshwari, R. (2005). Nuclear behavior in fungal hyphae. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 249: 7-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.06.031.

Marchante, R., Beal, D.M., Koloteva-Levine, N., Purton, T.J., Tuite, M.F & Xue, W.-F. (2017). The physical dimensions of amyloid aggregates control their infective potential as prion particles. eLife, 6: article e27109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.27109.

Moore, D. & Novak Frazer, L. (2002). Essential Fungal Genetics. Springer-Verlag Inc.: New York. ISBN: 0387953671. VIEW on Amazon.

• See chapter 2 Genome interactions CLICK HERE to download the complete text;
• and chapter 5 Recombination analysis CLICK HERE to download the complete text.

Narbonne, P., Miyamoto, K. & Gurdon, J.B. (2012). Reprogramming and development in nuclear transfer embryos and in interspecific systems. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 22: 450-458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2012.09.002.

Nibert, M.L., Debat, H.J., Manny, A.R., Grigoriev, I.V. & De Fine Licht, H.H. (2019). Mitovirus and mitochondrial coding sequences from basal fungus Entomophthora muscae. Viruses, 11 (4): article 351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040351.

O’Connor, E., Fitzpatrick, D. & Grogan, H. (2019). Host response of Agaricus bisporus to mushroom virus X infection. Access Microbiology, 1 (1A). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0477.

Paoletti, M. (2016). Vegetative incompatibility in fungi: from recognition to cell death, whatever does the trick. Fungal Biology Reviews, 30: 152-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2016.08.002.

Paoletti, M. & Clavé, C. (2007). The fungus-specific HET domain mediates programmed cell death in Podospora anserina. Eukaryotic Cell, 6: 2001-2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/EC.00129-07.

Pérez-Martín, J. & de Sena-Tomás, C. (2011). Dikaryotic cell cycle in the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis is controlled by the DNA damage response cascade. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6: 1574-1577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.10.17055.

Pringle, A. & Taylor, J.W. (2002). The fitness of filamentous fungi. Trends in Microbiology, 10: 474-481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02447-2.

Rayner, A.D.M. & Todd, N.K. (1982). Population structure in wood-decomposing basidiomycetes. In: Decomposer Basidiomycetes: their biology and ecology (J.C. Frankland, J.N. Hedger & M.J. Swift, eds), pp. 109-128. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521106801. VIEW on Amazon.

Rodríguez-Cousiño, N. & Esteban, R. (2017). Relationships and evolution of double-stranded RNA Totiviruses of yeasts inferred from analysis of L-A-2 and L-BC variants in wine yeast strain populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 83: e02991-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02991-16.

Rodríguez-Cousiño, N., Maqueda, M., Ambrona, J., Zamora, E., Esteban, R. & Ramírez, M. (2011). A new wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin (Klus), encoded by a double-stranded RNA virus, with broad antifungal activity is evolutionarily related to a chromosomal host gene. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 77:1822-1832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02501-10.

Ropars, J., Toro, K.S., Noel, J., Pelin, A., Charron, P., Farinelli, L., Marton, T., Krüger, M., Fuchs, J., Brachmann, A., Corradi, N. (2016). Evidence for the sexual origin of heterokaryosis in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature Microbiology, 1: article 16033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.33.

Seifert, K.A. & Gams, W. (2001) The taxonomy of anamorphic fungi. In: The Mycota Systematics and Evolution, vol. VII part A: (1st edn), (eds D.J. McLaughlin, E.G. McLaughlin & P.A. Lemke), pp. 307-347. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10376-0_14. VIEW on Amazon.

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Updated May, 2021